CMOS voltage to current transducers

A systematic approach to circuit design and analysis: classification of two-VCCS circuits

“…2) The classification system for two-VCCS circuits divides circuits in classes with common properties, i.e., it helps to recognize that many circuits can be considered as variations on a theme (e.g., [5]- [7], [10], [13], [15]- [17], [24]- [28], [30], and [31]). 3) Having recognized a circuit as a two-VCCS circuit, it can be analyzed using hierarchical symbolic macromodels that express the properties of a VCCS circuit in properties of the VCCS implementation (e.g., …”

“…8(a), [12], and [14]. However, many other (sub)circuits are based on the same basic principle [5]- [7], [10], [13], [15]- [17], [24]- [28], [30], [31].…”

“…Circuits belonging to the same class are the CMOS pair in Fig. 2(c) used in [10] and [13] and series connections of differential pairs (e.g., [5] and [34]). In summary, all -converter kernels with two MOST-VCCS's have been generated and analyzed with respect to distortion, using the proposed classification.…”

New Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode Lowpass, Highpass, Bandpass Filter Using Simple OTAs

“…3. Referring to [24], [25], this circuit may be called a 'pool circuit'. Assume that all the NMOS devices are biased in the saturation region with individual wells connected to their sources to eliminate the body effect, let the transconductance parameter and the threshold voltage of M 1 through M 4 be equal to K and V TH , respectively, I abc1 =I abc and I abc2 =I abc are two current sources, the currents I o1 and I o2 can be given as [24], [25] …”

“…The addition/subtraction circuit using simple OTAs. This circuit operates as a pool [24], [25] in the sense that the currents flowing in and flowing out are in equilibrium at the output node V o . Therefore, the addition and subtraction operation for voltage signals can be performed by the circuit in Fig.…”