CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS): Developments and future outlook

Turchetta, R.; Fant, A.; Gasiorek, P.; Esbrand, C.; Griffiths, Jennifer; Metaxas, M; Royle, G.; Speller, Robert; Venanzi, C.; Stelt, P F van der; Verheij, H.G.C.; Li, G.; Georgiou, Harris V.; Cavouras, D.; Hall, G.; Noy, M.; Jones, J.; Leaver, J.; Machin, D.; Greenwood, S.; Khaleeq, M.; Schulerud, Helene; Ostby, JM; Triantis, F. A.; Asimidis, A.; Bolanakis, Dimosthenis E.; Manthos, N.; Longo, Renata; Bergamaschi, A.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2007.07.112

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Each sensor is a monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) whose design and development has been specifically tailored to its application [1]. The dimensions of each sensor are 520 40 pixels where a 512 32 array of 32 32 m three transistor (3-T) pixels are read out which have been optimised for low noise digitisation of visible light.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dimensions of each sensor are 520 40 pixels where a 512 32 array of 32 32 m three transistor (3-T) pixels are read out which have been optimised for low noise digitisation of visible light. Low noise digitisation is achieved by the implementation of a dual reset method termed flushed reset where a hard reset is first performed erasing the pixels content followed by a soft reset consequently overcoming the often associated image lag therefore ensuring low noise [1]. Each individual sensor utilises a structured CsI:TI scintillator as a means of providing x-ray sensitivity as its emission spectrum peaks at approximately 550 nm [2] therefore making it an ideal scintillator to be used along side a silicon based CMOS sensor.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterisation of the Components of a Prototype Scanning Intelligent Imaging System for Use in Digital Mammography: The I-ImaS System

Esbrand

Arvanitis

Pani

et al. 2009

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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The physical performance characteristics of a prototype scanning digital mammography (DM) system have been investigated. The I-ImaS system utilises CMOS MAPS technology promoting on-chip data processing; consequently statistical analysis is therefore achievable in real-time for the purpose of exposure modulation via a feedback mechanism during the image acquisition procedure. The imager employs a dual array of twenty CMOS APS sensing devices each individually coupled to a 100 m thick thallium doped structured CsI scintillator. The x-ray performance of the sensors was characterised where the presampled modulation transfer function (MTF), normalised noise power spectrum (NNPS), and the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) was determined. The presampled MTF was measured utilising the slit technique and was found to be 0.1 at 6 lp/mm. The NNPS measured utilising a W/Al target/filter combination hardened with 38 mm PMMA was seen to decrease with increasing exposure as expected and the manifesting DQE was 0.30 at close to zero spatial frequency at an exposure of 1.75 mR. Preliminary image stitching of the individual steps acquired from the scanning system is presented. A conventionally acquired image that is without the implementation of beam modulation or off-line intelligence is compared and contrasted to an intelligently off-line processed image. Results indicate the implementation of real-time intelligence into the image acquisition phase of digital mammography is foreseeable.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of the Components of a Prototype Scanning Intelligent Imaging System for Use in Digital Mammography: The I-ImaS System

Esbrand

Arvanitis

Pani

et al. 2009

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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“…Recently, building upon technologies developed for particle physics (Turala, 2005; Wermes, 2005; Turchetta et al, 2007; Delpierre, 2014), pixelated detectors developed for X-ray imaging have been adopted for electron imaging (Clough et al, 2014; McMullan et al, 2014; McGrouther et al, 2015; Tate et al, 2016; Mir et al, 2017; Tinti et al, 2018). Compared with charge coupled device (CCD)-based detectors, these direct electron detectors (DEDs) typically offer much lower noise levels, improved detector quantum efficiency (DQE), and modulation transfer function (MTF), some degree of radiation hardness, and crucially, fast readout of the images.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast Pixelated Detectors in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. Part I: Data Acquisition, Live Processing, and Storage

et al. 2020

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“…Recently, building upon technologies developed for particle physics (Delpierre, 2014;Turala, 2005;Turchetta et al, 2007;Wermes, 2005), pixelated detectors developed for Xray imaging have been adopted for electron imaging (Clough et al, 2014;McGrouther et al, 2015;McMullan et al, 2014;Mir et al, 2017;Tate et al, 2016;Tinti et al, 2018). Compared to charge coupled device (CCD) based detectors, these direct electron detectors (DEDs) typically offer much lower noise levels, improved detector quantum efficiency (DQE) and modulation transfer function (MTF), some degree of radiation hardness, and crucially, fast readout of the images.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast Pixelated Detectors in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. Part I: Data Acquisition, Live Processing and Storage

Nord,

Webster,

Paton

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The use of fast pixelated detectors and direct electron detection technology is revolutionising many aspects of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The widespread adoption of these new technologies is impeded by the technical challenges associated them. These include issues related to hardware control, and the acquisition, real-time processing and visualisation, and storage of data from such detectors. We discuss these problems and present software solutions for them, with a view to making the benefits of new detectors in the context of STEM more accessible. Throughout, we provide examples of the application of the technologies presented, using data from a Medipix3 direct electron detector. Most of our software is available under an open source licence, permitting transparency of the implemented algorithms, and allowing the community to freely use and further improve upon them.

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CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS): Developments and future outlook

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Characterisation of the Components of a Prototype Scanning Intelligent Imaging System for Use in Digital Mammography: The I-ImaS System

Characterisation of the Components of a Prototype Scanning Intelligent Imaging System for Use in Digital Mammography: The I-ImaS System

Fast Pixelated Detectors in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. Part I: Data Acquisition, Live Processing, and Storage

Fast Pixelated Detectors in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. Part I: Data Acquisition, Live Processing and Storage

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