CMOS image sensor: Process impact on dark current

Carrere, J.-P.; Place, S.; Oddou, J.-P; Benoît, Daniel; Roy, F.

doi:10.1109/irps.2014.6860620

Cited by 39 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A dark current is a temperature-dependent common phenomenon that contributes to introduce noise in a sensor's reading and that needs to be considered in calibration tasks, for correction purposes. According to [45], such phenomenon can be generated by the Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) process-that considers band gap by an impurity in the lattice to [43]): Silicon (Si) is used for acquiring ultraviolet, visible and shortwave NIR regions; indium arsenide (InAs) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) have a spectral response between 900-1700 nm; indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) extends the previous range to 2600 nm; and mercury cadmium tellurium (MCT or HgCdTe) is characterized by a large spectral range and high quantum efficiency that enables reaching mid-infrared region (about 2500 to 25,000 nm) and NIR region (about 800-2500 nm). CCD and CMOS sensors are different mainly in the way they treat incoming energy.…”

Section: Spectral Information Spatial Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A dark current is a temperature-dependent common phenomenon that contributes to introduce noise in a sensor's reading and that needs to be considered in calibration tasks, for correction purposes. According to [45], such phenomenon can be generated by the Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) process-that considers band gap by an impurity in the lattice to make the electron in transition pass through a new energy state-due to multiple factors, which end up resulting in the so-called blemish pixels. Additional information can be found in [15], in which is pointed out that CCD-based sensors have higher sensitivity regarding band data acquisition while, on the other hand, high grade CMOS have greater quantum efficiency in NIR.…”

Section: Spectral Information Spatial Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hyperspectral Imaging: A Review on UAV-Based Sensors, Data Processing and Applications for Agriculture and Forestry

et al. 2017

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Traditional imagery-provided, for example, by RGB and/or NIR sensors-has proven to be useful in many agroforestry applications. However, it lacks the spectral range and precision to profile materials and organisms that only hyperspectral sensors can provide. This kind of high-resolution spectroscopy was firstly used in satellites and later in manned aircraft, which are significantly expensive platforms and extremely restrictive due to availability limitations and/or complex logistics. More recently, UAS have emerged as a very popular and cost-effective remote sensing technology, composed of aerial platforms capable of carrying small-sized and lightweight sensors. Meanwhile, hyperspectral technology developments have been consistently resulting in smaller and lighter sensors that can currently be integrated in UAS for either scientific or commercial purposes. The hyperspectral sensors' ability for measuring hundreds of bands raises complexity when considering the sheer quantity of acquired data, whose usefulness depends on both calibration and corrective tasks occurring in pre-and post-flight stages. Further steps regarding hyperspectral data processing must be performed towards the retrieval of relevant information, which provides the true benefits for assertive interventions in agricultural crops and forested areas. Considering the aforementioned topics and the goal of providing a global view focused on hyperspectral-based remote sensing supported by UAV platforms, a survey including hyperspectral sensors, inherent data processing and applications focusing both on agriculture and forestry-wherein the combination of UAV and hyperspectral sensors plays a center role-is presented in this paper. Firstly, the advantages of hyperspectral data over RGB imagery and multispectral data are highlighted. Then, hyperspectral acquisition devices are addressed, including sensor types, acquisition modes and UAV-compatible sensors that can be used for both research and commercial purposes. Pre-flight operations and post-flight pre-processing are pointed out as necessary to ensure the usefulness of hyperspectral data for further processing towards the retrieval of conclusive information. With the goal of simplifying hyperspectral data processing-by isolating the common user from the processes' mathematical complexity-several available toolboxes that allow a direct access to level-one hyperspectral data are presented. Moreover, research works focusing the symbiosis between UAV-hyperspectral for agriculture and forestry applications are reviewed, just before the paper's conclusions.

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Section: Spectral Information Spatial Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A dark current is a temperature-dependent common phenomenon that contributes to introduce noise in a sensor's reading and that needs to be considered in calibration tasks, for correction purposes. According to [45], such phenomenon can be generated by the Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) process-that considers band gap by an impurity in the lattice to make the electron in transition pass through a new energy state-due to multiple factors, which end up resulting in the so-called blemish pixels. Additional information can be found in [15], in which is pointed out that CCD-based sensors have higher sensitivity regarding band data acquisition while, on the other hand, high grade CMOS have greater quantum efficiency in NIR.…”

Section: Spectral Information Spatial Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperspectral Imaging: A Review on UAV-Based Sensors, Data Processing and Applications for Agriculture and Forestry

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Next, some integration scheme can help to reduce the degradation: we have seen the benefits brought by some SiCN layers under the cavity. Another process solution has been proposed in [16] such as increasing the doping of the p+ pinning layer above the photodiode, or increasing the PMD nitride layer conductivity with Si-rich, allowing here a better evacuation or recombination of the UV-generated carriers.…”

Section: Ways To Prevent Plasma Damage On Cmos Image Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, playing on the photodiode type is also a way to harden the sensor against such damage. For example, it is shown in [16] that p-type pixel collecting holes rather than electrons are much less impacted by such positive PMD nitride charging: this is because the silicon pinning layer is now N-doped, and the positive nitride charges will now re-inforce the electron accumulation. But this p-type pixel will not be immune from negative nitride charging.…”

Section: Ways To Prevent Plasma Damage On Cmos Image Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

CMOS Image Sensors and Plasma Processes: How PMD Nitride Charging Acts on the Dark Current

Sacchettini

Carrere

Duru

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Plasma processes are known to be prone to inducing damage by charging effects. For CMOS image sensors, this can lead to dark current degradation both in value and uniformity. An in-depth analysis, motivated by the different degrading behavior of two different plasma processes, has been performed in order to determine the degradation mechanisms associated with one plasma process. It is based on in situ plasma-induced charge characterization techniques for various dielectric stack structures (dielectric nature and stack configuration). A degradation mechanism is proposed, highlighting the role of ultraviolet (UV) light from the plasma in creating an electron hole which induces positive charges in the nitride layer at the wafer center, and negative ones at the edge. The trapped charges de-passivate the SiO2/Si interface by inducing a depleted interface above the photodiode, thus emphasizing the generation of dark current. A good correlation between the spatial distribution of the total charges and the value of dark current has been observed.

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“…It is not caused by incident photons, but is caused by the random generation of electrons and holes in the depleted layer due to defects in the crystalline lattice. The dark current of CMOS sensors is deeper described in [3]. It depends on the sensor sensitivity, temperature and exposure time, but has a relatively static character.…”

Section: A Dark Current Compensationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compensation of Industrial CMOS Camera and Image Enhancement for Sounding Rocket Astrophysical Experiments

Veřtát

Fiala

2018

2018 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE)

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Suborbital missions of sounding rockets along the parabolic trajectory are commonly used for the Earth's near space environment research or for the astrophysical observations with the time duration only in the order of several minutes. Such short-term missions are usually performed with a low-cost equipment as the exact opposite of long-term satellite missions with high-end and expensive technologies. In this paper there is described the usage of a low-cost industrial CMOS camera for the confirmation of accurate pointing of the Roentgen telescope during the Vela supernova observation. It requires a robust method of the image post-processing and the compensation of real properties of the camera system faced to the extreme space environment. Also a specific mode of the image acquisition is required due to temperature changes during the suborbital mission. As the result of our work, a low-cost camera could be used for simple and short-term tasks in space instead of an expensive space qualified system. Keywords -suborbital mission; sounding rocket; camera system for space; image enhancement; camera properties compensation; lobster eye Roentgen telescopeI.

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CMOS image sensor: Process impact on dark current

Cited by 39 publications

References 18 publications

Hyperspectral Imaging: A Review on UAV-Based Sensors, Data Processing and Applications for Agriculture and Forestry

Hyperspectral Imaging: A Review on UAV-Based Sensors, Data Processing and Applications for Agriculture and Forestry

CMOS Image Sensors and Plasma Processes: How PMD Nitride Charging Acts on the Dark Current

Compensation of Industrial CMOS Camera and Image Enhancement for Sounding Rocket Astrophysical Experiments

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