CME ARTICLE Multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive review for the physician assistant

Browning, Victoria; Joseph, Mathai; Sedrak, Mona

doi:10.1097/01720610-201208000-00005

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS, with an estimated global prevalence of 2.5 million people (Browning et al, 2012). MS is a major cause of neurological disability in young adults (Rolak, 2003) and is characterized by inflammatory lesions within the CNS caused by autoimmune inflammation, demyelination, gliosis, and neurodegeneration leading to a disruption of neuronal signaling (Dendrou et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory T Cells and Their Derived Cytokine, Interleukin-35, Reduce Pain in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

et al. 2019

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Sensory problems such as neuropathic pain are common and debilitating symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the CNS. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical for maintaining immune homeostasis, but their role in MS-associated pain remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Treg cell ablation is sufficient to trigger experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and facial allodynia in immunized female mice. In EAE-induced female mice, adoptive transfer of Treg cells and spinal delivery of the Treg cell cytokine interleukin-35 (IL-35) significantly reduced facial stimulus-evoked pain and spontaneous pain independent of disease severity and increased myelination of the facial nociceptive pathway. The effects of intrathecal IL-35 therapy were Treg-cell dependent and associated with upregulated IL-10 expression in CNS-infiltrating lymphocytes and reduced monocyte infiltration in the trigeminal afferent pathway. We present evidence for a beneficial role of Treg cells and IL-35 in attenuating pain associated with EAE independently of motor symptoms by decreasing neuroinflammation and increasing myelination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory T Cells and Their Derived Cytokine, Interleukin-35, Reduce Pain in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

et al. 2019

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“…[4] It was important to schedule her orthodontic follow-up appointments at convenient time and setting the clinic at a comfortable temperature during her treatment to avoid the possibility of any serious attacks or exacerbation. [24]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, 10–15% of cases are primary-progressive MS, involving a steady increase in disability and no remission. [2] The rarest type is progressive-relapsing MS, in which patients experience a constant increase in disability that includes exacerbations without any symptom-free remissions. [2]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Orthodontic treatment for a patient with multiple sclerosis

Bakathir¹

2017

J Orthodont Sci

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects myelinated axons, destroying the myelin and damaging axons to varying degrees. The course of MS is highly varied and unpredictable. Metals used during orthodontic treatment can negatively affect imaging techniques used to diagnose and monitor the progression of MS, while medications used to treat MS can negatively affect orthodontic tooth movement. The present case report highlights some of the challenges encountered during orthodontic treatment of a patient with MS and how to overcome them. The patient was a 20-year-old woman with complaints of diastema and spacing in the upper arch. Although closing the spaces was challenging due to some of the MS medications, she was treated successfully, without complications, within 20 months using closing loops.

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“…Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which is at present attributable to a self-sustaining autoimmune mechanism. It is the most prevalent disabling neurological disease affecting young people [ 1 ] and one of the most common inflammatory conditions of the CNS [ 2 ], affecting approximately 2.5 million people worldwide [ 3 ]. Whilst the aetiology of MS is largely unknown, genetic, metabolic, environmental, and immunological factors have all been implicated [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Contribution of Immune and Glial Cell Types in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis

Duffy

Lees

Moalem‐Taylor

2014

Multiple Sclerosis International

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterised by widespread areas of focal demyelination. Its aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear despite substantial insights gained through studies of animal models, most notably experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MS is widely believed to be immune-mediated and pathologically attributable to myelin-specific autoreactive CD4+ T cells. In recent years, MS research has expanded beyond its focus on CD4+ T cells to recognise the contributions of multiple immune and glial cell types to the development, progression, and amelioration of the disease. This review summarises evidence of T and B lymphocyte, natural killer cell, macrophage/microglial, astrocytic, and oligodendroglial involvement in both EAE and MS and the intercommunication and influence of each cell subset in the inflammatory process. Despite important advances in the understanding of the involvement of these cell types in MS, many questions still remain regarding the various subsets within each cell population and their exact contribution to different stages of the disease.

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CME ARTICLE Multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive review for the physician assistant

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Regulatory T Cells and Their Derived Cytokine, Interleukin-35, Reduce Pain in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Regulatory T Cells and Their Derived Cytokine, Interleukin-35, Reduce Pain in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Orthodontic treatment for a patient with multiple sclerosis

The Contribution of Immune and Glial Cell Types in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis

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