“…For example, those based on hierarchical, partitioning and model-based clustering algorithms/methods ( Dong et al, 2016 ; Racine et al, 2016 ; Dong et al, 2017 ; ten Kate et al, 2018 ; Young et al, 2018 ). Moreover, various machine learning and other statistical approaches have been proposed for both disease progression, prediction and subgroup identification in Alzheimer’s disease ( Fiot et al, 2014 ; Schmidt-Richberg et al, 2016 ; Cheng et al, 2017 ; Bhagwat et al, 2018 ; Khanna et al, 2018 ; de Jong et al, 2019 ; Martí-Juan et al, 2019 ; Brand et al, 2020 ; Golriz Khatami et al, 2020 ; Lei et al, 2020 ; Martí-Juan et al, 2020 ; Lin et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ).…”