“…MNCs with geography-based organizational structure are more focused on business in a particular geographic area (Galbraith, 1973). 14 The literature on regional management classifies different roles of regional HQ and regional management mandates (RMMs); i.e., the former enhances vertical information flows (Schotter et al, 2017;Alfoldi et al, 2012), and the latter enhances "lateral information flows between subsidiaries within a region" (Schotter et al, 2017;Hoenen and Kostova, 2015;Ambos and Schlegelmilch, 2010;Verbeke and Asmussen, 2016;Mahnke, et al, 2012;Amann, Jaussaud and Schaaper, 2014;Asakawa and Lehrer, 2003;Piekkari, Nell and Ghauri, 2010). However, in our data, we only had the "regional HQ" category in our questionnaire, which encompassed the concept of RMMs as well, given the nature of regional HQ responsible for supervising overseas R&D subsidiaries.…”