Clustering of unhealthy outdoor advertisements around child-serving institutions: A comparison of three cities

Hillier, Amy; Cole, Barry L; Smith, Tony; Yancey, Antronette K.; Williams, Jerome D.; Grier, Sonya A.; McCarthy, William J.

doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.02.014

Cited by 65 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…These findings are congruous with other studies which had found clustering of advertising around high traffic areas. Hillier et al (2009) found that land use variables, such as major streets, shops and bus stops explained some of the clustering around child-institutions, and that variations between cities were partially explained by land use and outdoor advertising regulations. In Ulaanbaatar, these high population density areas were also those areas of lower social disadvantage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Outdoor advertising in particular works by integrating branded messages into daily activities and the cultural landscape, and also serves as an immediate cue for purchase when this is viewed in connection with food stores (Kelly et al, 2013). There have been four published studies specifically on outdoor food advertising: one study from Sydney, Australia (Kelly, Cretikos, Rogers, King, 2008), one conducted in 4 cities in the USA (Hillier et al, 2009), one in Northern England (Adams, Ganiti, White, 2011), and a forth in Wellington, New Zealand (Walton, Pearce, Day, 2009). These studies have consistently found that the majority of outdoor food advertisements are for unhealthy foods/drinks, and that the density of advertisements varies by neighbourhood characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Density of outdoor food and beverage advertising around schools in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) and Manila (The Philippines) and implications for policy

Kelly

King

Jamiyan

et al. 2014

Critical Public Health

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Children's exposure to unhealthy food marketing is recognised by leading international health organisations as a probable causal factor for obesity. Outdoor advertising near schools embeds commercial food messages into children's everyday lives and acts as a cue for food purchases. This project aimed to describe food advertising in the area around schools in two demographically and culturally disparate cities in the Asia Pacific Region. Data on outdoor food advertising were collected from the area within 500 m of 30 primary schools in each of two cities: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and Manila, The Philippines. For each food advertisement, information was collected on: distance from the school (within 250 or 500 m); size, setting, type and position of the advertisement; and the food/drink product type promoted (core/healthy, non-core/unhealthy and miscellaneous). Density of advertisements was calculated per 100 m 2 . The density of food advertising was twice as high in the area closest to schools compared to the area further from schools (.9 vs. .5 in Ulaanbaatar and 6.5 vs. 3.3 advertisements per 100 m 2 in Manila). Almost all food advertisements were for non-core/ unhealthy foods/drinks (92% in Ulaanbaatar and 85% in Manila), and soft drinks were most frequently promoted. Children in Ulaanbaatar and Manila are exposed to large numbers of advertisements for unhealthy foods/drinks on their way to and from school, and these are particularly clustered within the immediate vicinity of schools. Clear directions for policy development are outlined to reduce children's exposure to this marketing, including restricting the placement and content of outdoor advertising.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Density of outdoor food and beverage advertising around schools in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) and Manila (The Philippines) and implications for policy

Kelly

King

Jamiyan

et al. 2014

Critical Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These results are consistent with the present study that showed "less-healthful" foodor-beverage ads-specifically those in Spanish, directed at youth, and/or featuring minorities-directly correlated with poverty, lower high-school graduation rates, higher percentages of Hispanic residents, and/or higher percentages of children in surrounding residential areas. Other research has shown that ads for "non-core foods" (foods surplus to daily nutritional requirements) as well as ads for sugary beverages and alcohol appear commonly around schools, especially in lower socio-economic areas [16] and black neighborhoods [7]. Lower-income and black communities are also more likely to have childdirected fast-food marketing-including on the exterior of fast-food restaurants-in school-enrollment areas [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, studies have shown higher densities and percentages of ads for high-calorie, low nutrient-dense foods and beverages in lower-income and minority neighborhoods (particularly African American and, to a lesser extent, Latino communities) [5,6]. One study showed that outdoor ads for sugary beverages, fast food, and alcohol were clustered around child-serving institutions like day-care centers, libraries, and schools, particularly in black communities [7].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unhealthful Food-and-Beverage Advertising in Subway Stations: Targeted Marketing, Vulnerable Groups, Dietary Intake, and Poor Health

et al. 2017

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Unhealthful food-and-beverage advertising often targets vulnerable groups. The extent of such advertising in subway stations has not been reported and it is not clear how ad placement may relate to subway ridership or community demographics, or what the implications might be for diets and diet-related health in surrounding communities. Riding all subway lines (n = 7) in the Bronx, NY, USA, investigators systematically assessed all print ads (n = 1586) in all stations (n = 68) in 2012. Data about subway ridership came from the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Demographic data on surrounding residential areas came from the U.S. Census Bureau. Data on dietary intake and diet-related conditions came from a city health-department survey. There were no ads promoting "more-healthful" food-or-beverage items (i.e., fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, water or milk). There were many ads for "less-healthful" items (e.g., candies, chips, sugary cereals, frozen pizzas, "energy" drinks, coffee confections, hard alcohol, and beer). Ad placement did not relate to the number of riders entering at stations. Instead, exposure to food-or-beverage ads generally, and to "less-healthful" ads particularly (specifically ads in Spanish, directed at youth, and/or featuring minorities), was directly correlated with poverty, lower high-school graduation rates, higher percentages of Hispanics, and/or higher percentages of children in surrounding residential areas. Correlations were robust to sensitivity analyses. Additional analyses suggested correlations between ad exposures and sugary-drink consumption, fruit-and-vegetable intake, and diabetes, hypertension, and high-cholesterol rates. Subway-station ads for "less-healthful" items were located disproportionately in areas home to vulnerable populations facing diet and diet-related-health challenges. The fact that uneven ad placement did not relate to total rider counts suggests ads were not directed at the largest possible audiences but rather targeted to specific groups.

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“…The primary use of K-function analysis was exploring the presence and scale of spatial clustering of the selected exposure variables (Austin et al, 2005;Hillier et al, 2009;Day and Pearce, 2011). The K-function was also used to assess the spatial structure of a distribution before conducting local analyses of spatial clustering (Han et al, 2004;Broman et al, 2006;Wheeler, 2007;Epp et al, 2010;Ngowi et al, 2010;Poljak et al, 2010).…”

Section: K-functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A scoping review of spatial cluster analysis techniques for point-event data

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Spatial cluster analysis is a uniquely interdisciplinary endeavour, and so it is important to communicate and disseminate ideas, innovations, best practices and challenges across practitioners, applied epidemiology researchers and spatial statisticians. In this research we conducted a scoping review to systematically search peer-reviewed journal databases for research that has employed spatial cluster analysis methods on individual-level, address location, or x and y coordinate derived data. To illustrate the thematic issues raised by our results, methods were tested using a dataset where known clusters existed. Point pattern methods, spatial clustering and cluster detection tests, and a locally weighted spatial regression model were most commonly used for individual-level, address location data (n = 29). The spatial scan statistic was the most popular method for address location data (n = 19). Six themes were identified relating to the application of spatial cluster analysis methods and subsequent analyses, which we recommend researchers to consider; exploratory analysis, visualization, spatial resolution, aetiology, scale and spatial weights. It is our intention that researchers seeking direction for using spatial cluster analysis methods, consider the caveats and strengths of each approach, but also explore the numerous other methods available for this type of analysis. Applied spatial epidemiology researchers and practitioners should give special consideration to applying multiple tests to a dataset. Future research should focus on developing frameworks for selecting appropriate methods and the corresponding spatial weighting schemes.

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Clustering of unhealthy outdoor advertisements around child-serving institutions: A comparison of three cities

Cited by 65 publications

References 74 publications

Density of outdoor food and beverage advertising around schools in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) and Manila (The Philippines) and implications for policy

Density of outdoor food and beverage advertising around schools in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) and Manila (The Philippines) and implications for policy

Unhealthful Food-and-Beverage Advertising in Subway Stations: Targeted Marketing, Vulnerable Groups, Dietary Intake, and Poor Health

A scoping review of spatial cluster analysis techniques for point-event data

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