Clustering of comb and propolis waxes based on the distribution of aliphatic constituents

Custodio, Angela R.; Ferreira, Márcia M. C.; Negri, Giuseppina; Salatino, Antônio

doi:10.1590/s0103-50532003000300003

Cited by 25 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…They were relatively low (0.49%) in the control sample from Al-Bahah, and have also been reported as minor components of other propolis samples [17]. Long chain wax esters are likely derived from waxes secreted by the bees [30] or from lipid components of vascular plants of the region [31–33].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Organic Tracers from Asphalt in Propolis Produced by Urban Honey Bees, Apis mellifera Linn.

et al. 2015

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Propolis is a gummy material produced by honey bees to protect their hives and currently has drawn the attention of researchers due to its broad clinical use. It has been reported, based only on observations, that honey bees also collect other non-vegetation substances such as paint or asphalt/tar to make propolis. Therefore, propolis samples were collected from bee hives in Riyadh and Al-Bahah, a natural area, Saudi Arabia to determine their compositional characteristics and possible sources of the neutral organic compounds. The samples were extracted with hexane and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the major compounds were n-alkanes, n-alkenes, methyl n-alkanoates, long chain wax esters, triterpenoids and hopanes. The n-alkanes (ranging from C17 to C40) were significant with relative concentrations varying from 23.8 to 56.8% (mean = 44.9+9.4%) of the total extracts. Their odd carbon preference index (CPI) ranged from 3.6 to 7.7, with a maximum concentration at heptacosane indicating inputs from higher plant vegetation wax. The relative concentrations of the n-alkenes varied from 23.8 to 41.19% (mean = 35.6+5.1%), with CPI = 12.4-31.4, range from C25 to C35 and maximum at tritriacontane. Methyl n-alkanoates, ranged from C12 to C26 as acids, with concentrations from 3.11 to 33.2% (mean = 9.6+9.5%). Long chain wax esters and triterpenoids were minor. The main triterpenoids were α- and β-amyrins, amyrones and amyryl acetates. The presence of hopanes in some total extracts (up to 12.5%) indicated that the bees also collected petroleum derivatives from vicinal asphalt and used that as an additional ingredient to make propolis. Therefore, caution should be taken when considering the chemical compositions of propolis as potential sources of natural products for biological and pharmacological applications. Moreover, beekeepers should be aware of the proper source of propolis in the flight range of their bee colonies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Organic Tracers from Asphalt in Propolis Produced by Urban Honey Bees, Apis mellifera Linn.

et al. 2015

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“…The degree of introgression of the African genes varies according to geography, probably because of a gradual loss of European genes due to a better fitness of the African gene pool to the neotropical environment (16). Chemical affinities based on comb and propolis waxes in Brazil (17) probably reflect genetic differences linked to a higher or lower incidence of the African genes.…”

Section: Origin Of Green Propolismentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and Chemical Variation of Brazilian Propolis

Salatino

Teixeira

Negri

et al. 2005

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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307

235

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Propolis is a hive product containing chiefly beeswax and plant-derived substances such as resin and volatile compounds. Propolis has been used as an antiseptic and wound healer since ancient times and interest for the product has increased recently. Probably few plant species contribute as major resin sources. Green propolis derives mainly from vegetative apices ofBaccharis dracunculifolia(alecrim plants). However, wide variation detected in the chemical composition suggests contributions from alternative resin plant sources. Predominant components of the resin of green propolis are cinnamic acids, chiefly compounds bearing prenyl groups. Terpenoid compounds, such as sesqui, di and pentacyclic triterpenoids, have been detected in many, but not all, samples investigated. Propolis research has uncovered potentialities of substances previously isolated from plants and has detected constituents of plant origin that would hardly be known otherwise.

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“…These waxes were not analyzed in the present study as their composition has already been studied by other Brazilian authors. 13,14 Analytical procedures Dry residue free of moisture and volatile substances. 10 g of finely ground propolis was heated to 100 °C for 5 hours, then desiccated until constant weight.…”

Section: Extraction Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors that influence the yield and composition of Brazilian propolis extracts

Cunha¹,

Sawaya²,

Caetano³

et al. 2004

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

142

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Durante a extração de própolis foram variados alguns fatores para determinar como eles afetam o rendimento e o teor de fenóis totais. Seis amostras diferentes da região sudeste do Brasil foram testadas. Os resultados indicam que os maiores rendimentos de extratos de própolis obtidos por maceração, que também apresentam o maior número de componentes, foram aqueles usando 70% (v/v) ou maior proporção de etanol no solvente. A extração em Soxhlet resultou em um maior rendimento. Não foram observadas diferenças entre extratos de macerações com ou sem luz. Um aumento no rendimento da extração foi observado entre os extratos obtidos por maceração durante 10 e 30 dias, porém o teor de fenóis não variou significativamente nesses extratos. O teor de fenóis totais de todos os extratos variou entre 6,41 e 15,24% mas nenhuma correlação direta foi encontrada com qualquer um dos fatores testados.During the extraction of propolis several factors were varied in order to determine how they affected the yield and phenolic composition of the obtained extracts. Six samples of green propolis from the Southeastern region of Brazil were tested. The results indicate that the highest yield of propolis extracts obtained by maceration, which also had the greatest number of components, were those using 70% (v/v) ethanol or more as a solvent. The Soxhlet extraction procedure resulted in even higher yields. No differences were observed between extracts macerated in the presence or absence of light. An increase in yield was observed between extracts macerated for 10 and 30 days although the phenolic content did not vary significantly. The total phenolic content of all extracts varied from 6.41 to 15.24 % but no direct correlation could be found between any of the factors tested. Keywords: propolis, extraction techniques, high performance liquid chromatography IntroductionPropolis, a resinous substance collected by bees from plants around the hive, is masticated by the bees, salivary enzymes and beeswax added, then applied to the combs and walls of the hive, 1 thereby insulating and reinforcing the hives as well as making the environment aseptic. For beekeepers, propolis is a by-product obtained by scraping the walls of the hives. Crude propolis is composed basically of 55% vegetable resins and balsam, 30% bee wax, 10% essential oil and 5% pollen. 2 Due to its antibiotic and anti-fungal activity, propolis has been used in folk medicine for many centuries 3 and is presently used in health food and various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products such as mouthwash preparations, face creams, lotions and tablets. 1 Traditionally, the fraction soluble in 70% ethanol was extracted and referred to as propolis balsam. 3 In order to avoid the characteristic ethanolic smell and solubility problems of this product, propolis extracts using water 4 or other solvents such as glycerol, edible oils and propylene glycol 5 are presently found on the market. There is no standard either for extractive procedure or composition of products that contain propolis extracts...

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Clustering of comb and propolis waxes based on the distribution of aliphatic constituents

Cited by 25 publications

References 11 publications

Organic Tracers from Asphalt in Propolis Produced by Urban Honey Bees, Apis mellifera Linn.

Organic Tracers from Asphalt in Propolis Produced by Urban Honey Bees, Apis mellifera Linn.

Origin and Chemical Variation of Brazilian Propolis

Factors that influence the yield and composition of Brazilian propolis extracts

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