Cluster of African Trypanosomiasis in Travelers to Tanzanian National Parks

Jelı́nek, Tomáš; Bisoffi, Zeno; Bonazzi, L; Thiel, Pieter van; Bronner, Ulf; Frey, Albie de; Gundersen, Svein Gunnar; McWhinney, Paul; Ripamont, Diego

doi:10.3201/eid0806.010432

Cited by 111 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Previous studies have demonstrated presence of human infective T. brucei spp circulating in game and domestic animals in the area (Moloo et al, 1971;Kaare et al, 2002). Recently, nine cases of sleeping sickness (T. brucei gambiense) involving tourists have been reported in the Tarangire and Serengeti National Parks (Jelinek et al, 2002). Very few cases in the local community were reported from health facilities (Kaare et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge, attitudes and practices on tsetse and sleeping sickness among communities living in and around Serengeti National Park, Tanzania

Kinung’hi

Malele²,

Kibona³

et al. 2009

Tanzania J Hlth Res

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Abstract:A study was undertaken to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices about sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis) among communities living in and around Serengeti National Park (SENAPA). Structured questionnaires were administered to a total of 1490 consenting participants. Of the respondents, 924 (62%) knew sleeping sickness, and 807 (87.3%) knew the right place to seek healthcare. Of 924 who knew sleeping sickness, 386 (42%) said the disease was present in the areas they live. Most respondents (85.4%) knew that sleeping sickness infections were acquired in the bush and forest. The most common (69.3%) sources of information about sleeping sickness were relatives and friends. Symptoms of sleeping sickness mentioned included abnormal sleep (45.2%), fever (35.3%), body malaise (14.5%), headache (7.6%) and lymph node enlargement (6.1%). Of 1490 people interviewed 90.4% knew tsetse flies and 89.8% had been bitten by tsetse flies. The majority (86.6%) of the respondents knew that sleeping sickness is transmitted through a tsetse bite. Activities that exposed people to tsetse bites included working in tsetse infested bushes/forests, grazing livestock in tsetse infested areas and hunting game animals. In conclusion, communities living in and around SENAPA were knowledgeable about tsetse and sleeping sickness. The communities can thus understand and support community based tsetse and sleeping sickness control programmes to ensure success.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge, attitudes and practices on tsetse and sleeping sickness among communities living in and around Serengeti National Park, Tanzania

Kinung’hi

Malele²,

Kibona³

et al. 2009

Tanzania J Hlth Res

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“…A sleeping sickness outbreak that affected nine people who visited some of the Tanzanian National Parks occurred in 2001 [56]. One of the objectives of this study was to ascertain whether human infective trypanosomes occur in the Mikumi interface areas.…”

Section: Ethical Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Identification of Trypanosome Species in Cattle of the Mikumi Human/Livestock/Wildlife Interface Areas, Tanzania

Nhamitambo¹

2017

J Infect Dis Epidemiol

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Trypanosomosis is a major neglected disease of animals and man that causes great negative socio-economic impact in many African countries. It is caused by protozoan parasites of the blood from the genus Trypanosoma. Previous studies have investigated the prevalence and risk factors of trypanosomosis in Tanzania, but none has been done in the human/ livestock/wildlife interface areas of Mikumi National Park. The present study determined prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle blood sampled in five villages of the Mikumi interface areas. Trypanosome species were identified using the nested ITS-PCR and SRA-LAMP. Acquired biodata and spatial information were used for the analysis of risk factors based on the proximity from the park. Data analysis for categorical variables was performed using Chi-square, Fishers exact test, Odds and Risk ratios. Maps were created using the ArcMap ™ version 10.1 GIS software (ESRI 2012). Overall prevalence was 51.47%. Infection significantly varied among the 5 villages (p = 0.0022). The study identified 7 different species of trypanosomes. Trypanosoma simiae had the highest rate of infection 48.15%, followed by T. theileri 26.67%, T. vivax 16.30%, T. brucei brucei 4.44%, T. congolense forest 2.22%, T. simiae tsavo 1.48% and T. congolense kilifi 0.74%. No zoonotic species were identified. High density vegetation (p = 0.0001) and human activity (livestock market and cattle movement) (p = 0.0001) were identified as strong risk factors for infection. Areas with charco dams (p = 0.0001) and those close to tsetse screens and traps (p = 0.0006) had significantly lower infection prevalence. Identifying risk factors, quantifying the risk and doing spatial analysis is essential to determine the control measures to be used in the affected rural communities.

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“…The number of tourists infected in countries that report the most local patients is low, probably because these countries are rarely visited by travellers (fi gure 1). By contrast, disease due to T b rhodesiense has been reported in short-term tourists travelling to east African game reserves, mainly in Tanzania, [27][28][29][30] but also in Botswana, Rwanda, Kenya, and Malawi. 31 …”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%