Cloze probability and completion norms for 498 sentences: Behavioral and neural validation using event-related potentials

Block, Cady; Baldwin, Carryl L.

doi:10.3758/brm.42.3.665

Cited by 91 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Block and Baldwin (2010) had the largest number of participants, with 377, but their sentences were highly constrained, and their lowest reported cloze probability was .17. Of the three data sets, Arcuri et al (2001) had the sentence ending with the lowest reported cloze probability of .01.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conditional probabilities for the local context tend to be much lower than the cloze probabilities, because more diversity is available in the words that can complete the context. Arcuri et al (2001), Lahar et al (2004), and Block and Baldwin (2010) had average cloze probabilities of .22, .13, and .78, with average conditional probabilities of .09, .05, and .25. There are two restricted-range issues evident in these averages and in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The correlations and sentence totals reported do not include all of the sentences because the relevant local Block and Baldwin (2010) .26 * 241 (490) 490 (490) context was not always available in the Google Dataset. One limitation of using five-word n-grams is that, in some cases, the n-gram frequencies necessary for the calculation were absent from the Google Dataset because the five-word n-grams did not occur at least 40 times in the text corpus used by Brants and Franz (2006).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sentence stems, stem completions, and cloze probabilities were acquired from Arcuri et al (2001), Lahar et al (2004), and Block and Baldwin (2010). It is important to note that these three sources are not completely independent, because they each sampled, in varying degrees, from Bloom and Fischler's (1980) 398 sentence stems.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two stem completions were excluded due to multiple-word responses. Block and Baldwin (2010) used 498 sentence stems and reported only the single dominant completion for each stem. Seven of the sentences were excluded because the stem ended with a word containing an apostrophe.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring local context as context–word probabilities

Hahn

2011

Behav Res

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Context enables readers to quickly recognize a related word but disturbs recognition of unrelated words. The relatedness of a final word to a sentence context has been estimated as the probability (cloze probability) that a participant will complete a sentence with a word. In four studies, I show that it is possible to estimate local contextword relatedness based on common language usage. Conditional probabilities were calculated for sentences with published cloze probabilities. Four-word contexts produced conditional probabilities significantly correlated with cloze probabilities, but usage statistics were unavailable for some sentence contexts. The present studies demonstrate that a composite context measure based on conditional probabilities for one-to four-word contexts and the presence of a final period represents all of the sentences and maintains significant correlations (.25, .52, .53) with cloze probabilities. Finally, the article provides evidence for the effectiveness of this measure by showing that local context varies in ways that are similar to the N400 effect and that are consistent with a role for local context in reading. The Supplemental materials include local context measures for three cloze probability data sets.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring local context as context–word probabilities

Hahn

2011

Behav Res

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Predictive processing of music and language in autism: Evidence from Mandarin and English speakers

Zhao,

Ong,

Veic

et al. 2024

Autism Research

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Atypical predictive processing has been associated with autism across multiple domains, based mainly on artificial antecedents and consequents. As structured sequences where expectations derive from implicit learning of combinatorial principles, language and music provide naturalistic stimuli for investigating predictive processing. In this study, we matched melodic and sentence stimuli in cloze probabilities and examined musical and linguistic prediction in Mandarin‐ (Experiment 1) and English‐speaking (Experiment 2) autistic and non‐autistic individuals using both production and perception tasks. In the production tasks, participants listened to unfinished melodies/sentences and then produced the final notes/words to complete these items. In the perception tasks, participants provided expectedness ratings of the completed melodies/sentences based on the most frequent notes/words in the norms. While Experiment 1 showed intact musical prediction but atypical linguistic prediction in autism in the Mandarin sample that demonstrated imbalanced musical training experience and receptive vocabulary skills between groups, the group difference disappeared in a more closely matched sample of English speakers in Experiment 2. These findings suggest the importance of taking an individual differences approach when investigating predictive processing in music and language in autism, as the difficulty in prediction in autism may not be due to generalized problems with prediction in any type of complex sequence processing.

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Functional reorganization of language networks for semantics and syntax in chronic stroke: Evidence from MEG

Kielar

Deschamps

Jokel

et al. 2016

Human Brain Mapping

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Using magnetoencephalography, we investigated the potential of perilesional and contralesional activity to support language recovery in patients with poststroke aphasia. In healthy young controls, left-lateralized ventral frontotemporal regions responded to semantic anomalies during sentence comprehension and bilateral dorsal frontoparietal regions responded to syntactic anomalies. Older adults showed more extensive bilateral responses to the syntactic anomalies and less lateralized responses to the semantic anomalies, with decreased activation in the left occipital and parietal regions for both semantic and syntactic anomalies. In aphasic participants, we observed compensatory recruitment in the right hemisphere (RH), which varied depending on the type of linguistic information that was processed. For semantic anomalies, aphasic patients activated some preserved left hemisphere regions adjacent to the lesion, as well as homologous parietal and temporal RH areas. Patients also recruited right inferior and dorsolateral frontal cortex that was not activated in the healthy participants. Responses for syntactic anomalies did not reach significance in patients. Correlation analyses indicated that recruitment of homologous temporoparietal RH areas is associated with better semantic performance, whereas higher accuracy on the syntactic task was related to bilateral superior temporoparietal and right frontal activity. The results suggest that better recovery of semantic processing is associated with a shift to ventral brain regions in the RH. In contrast, preservation of syntactic processing is mediated by dorsal areas, bilaterally, although recovery of syntactic processing tends to be poorer than semantic. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2869-2893, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Cloze probability and completion norms for 498 sentences: Behavioral and neural validation using event-related potentials

Cited by 91 publications

References 19 publications

Measuring local context as context–word probabilities

Measuring local context as context–word probabilities

Predictive processing of music and language in autism: Evidence from Mandarin and English speakers

Functional reorganization of language networks for semantics and syntax in chronic stroke: Evidence from MEG

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