Cloud water deposition to Appalachian forests

Vong, Richard J.; Sigmon, J. T.; Mueller, Stephen F.

doi:10.1021/es00018a002

Cited by 73 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…As well as dry and wet deposition, the importance of the cloudwater deposition process in forest decline was reported earlier (Lovett, 1984;Pahl and Winkler, 1995;Saxena et al, 1989;Vong et al, 1991). Several investigations have shown that the amount of cloudwater deposited onto forests increases with height due to increasing LWC, wind speed and the shift of the droplet spectrum to larger droplets (Lovett and Kinsman, 1990;Lin and Saxena, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Chemical characterization of cloud episodes at a ridge site in Tuscan Appennines, Italy

Cini

Prodi

Santachiara

et al. 2002

Atmospheric Research

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Cloudwater samples were collected from November 1992 to March 1995 in Vallombrosa, a mountain site of the Tuscan Apennines (central Italy). Chemical analyses show that all examined inorganic ions contributed significantly to the total ionic content (TIC). The ratio SO 4 2 À /NO 4 À ranged from 0.92 to 3.46 and was > 1 for 86% of samples. There is a wide range in the chemical composition of the cloudwater. The total ionic content ranged from 640 to 7476 Aeq l À 1 and pH from 3.17 to 6.22. The liquid water content (LWC) ranged from 0.06 to 0.94 g m À 3 and electrical conductivity from 47 to 485 AV À 1 . The total ionic content decreases while the liquid water content increases. Also analyzed were soluble trace metals (Fe, Pb, Cu, Mn, Cd, Al), synthetic anionic surfactants and the methanesulphonic acid. Chemical analyses evidenced in some cases a high concentration of organic matter. The meteorological analysis for a few samples of individual passages was carried out for the possibility of establishing a correspondence between meteorological 0169-8095/02/$ -see front matter D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 1 6 9 -8 0 9 5 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 1 3 9 -9

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Chemical characterization of cloud episodes at a ridge site in Tuscan Appennines, Italy

Cini

Prodi

Santachiara

et al. 2002

Atmospheric Research

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“…However, cloud chemistry measurements and monitoring programs are few. Cloud chemistry data for the United States have been collected from fewer than 20 mountains and even fewer Atlantic and Pacific coastal areas (Weathers et al 1986, Kimball et al 1988, Vong et al 1991, Mohnen and Vong 1993, Baumgardner et al 2003. Cloud-deposition models suffer from the same limitations as dry-deposition models in that they rely on cloud chemistry data from single stations, and on measured or modeled meteorologic and canopy variables, and do not account for complex topography or heterogeneous vegetation (Weathers et al 2000).…”

Section: Cloud or Fog Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical Modeling of Atmospheric Deposition in Mountainous Landscapes

Weathers

Simkin

Lovett

et al. 2006

Ecological Applications

152

122

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Abstract. Atmospheric deposition has long been recognized as an important source of pollutants and nutrients to ecosystems. The need for reliable, spatially explicit estimates of total atmospheric deposition (wet þ dry þ cloud) is central, not only to air pollution effects researchers, but also for calculation of input-output budgets, and to decision makers faced with the challenge of assessing the efficacy of policy initiatives related to deposition. Although atmospheric deposition continues to represent a critical environmental and scientific issue, current estimates of total deposition have large uncertainties, particularly across heterogeneous landscapes such as montane regions.We developed an empirical modeling approach that predicts total deposition as a function of landscape features. We measured indices of total deposition to the landscapes of Acadia (121 km 2 ) and Great Smoky Mountains (2074 km 2 ) National Parks (USA). Using ;300-400 point measurements and corresponding landscape variables at each park, we constructed a statistical (general linear) model relating the deposition index to landscape variables measured in the field. The deposition indices ranged over an order of magnitude, and in response to vegetation type and elevation, which together explained ;40% of the variation in deposition. Then, using the independent landscape variables available in GIS data layers, we created a GIS-relevant statistical nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) deposition model (LandMod). We applied this model to create park-wide maps of total deposition that were scaled to wet and dry deposition data from the closest national network monitoring stations. The resultant deposition maps showed high spatial heterogeneity and a four-to sixfold variation in ''hot spots'' and ''cold spots'' of N and S deposition ranging from 3 to 31 kg NÁha À1 Áyr À1 and from 5 to 42 kg SÁha À1 ÁyrÀ1 across these park landscapes. Area-weighted deposition was found to be up to 70% greater than NADP plus CASTNET monitoring-station estimates together. Modelvalidation results suggest that the model slightly overestimates deposition for deciduous and coniferous forests at low elevation and underestimates deposition for high-elevation coniferous forests. The spatially explicit deposition estimates derived from LandMod are an improvement over what is currently available. Future research should test LandMod in other mountainous environments and refine it to account for (currently) unexplained variation in deposition.

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“…While the advective component may occasionally refer to sloping terrain (e.g. Nadezhina and Shklyarevich, 1994), the term is used most frequently in relation to fog occurrence at coastal locations (Goodman, 1977;Cereceda and Schemenauer, 1991), as well as in the context of pollutant transport in industrialized inland areas (Vong et al, 1991). In coastal areas, the strong contrast in surface heating between the land and the ocean during the daytime generates a sea breeze that pushes any fog formed offshore toward the land where it may dissipate again at some distance from the shoreline as a result of the higher temperatures prevailing over land surfaces.…”

Section: Advection Fogmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, advection fog in coastal areas is often also referred to as "coastal fog" (see below and Figure 3). Because it is wind-driven, advection fog is usually associated with substantially greater hydrologic (and chemical) fluxes than radiation fogs (Vong et al, 1991), even though advection fog has a much narrower size range (Figure 2). Advection fog is a "warm fog" with liquid droplets that can produce serious surface glazing when occurring over frozen ground (Nadezhina and Shklyarevich, 1994).…”

Section: Advection Fogmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fog as a Hydrologic Input

Bruijnzeel

Eugster

Burkard

2005

Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences

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This article reviews the hydrologic importance of fog in its various forms. Meteorologically, fog is defined as a ground-touching cloud with a visibility in the horizontal of less than 1000 m. The most widely occurring fog types include radiation fog, sea fog and steam fog, and advection fog, but often fog is also referred to by its location of occurrence (coastal, valley, or mountain fog). The physical processes underlying the various types of fog are described briefly. The use, advantages, and limitations of the most common types of fog collectors, fog detectors, and fog droplet spectrometers are dealt with before embarking on a discussion of techniques for the measurement and modeling of fog deposition on forest vegetation. Results of fog deposition measurements made at selected locations (representing coastal vs. inland, lowland vs. montane, and temperate vs. tropical conditions) are compared. The data confirm the importance of fog interception at many coastal and montane sites across the tropical to mediterranean and warm-temperate climatic spectrum. Under more continental conditions, contributions by fog are usually more modest except on windy mountain ridges and summits. Finally, the paper indicates the chief gaps in knowledge regarding the measurement and importance of fog as a hydrologic input.Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences. Edited by M G Anderson.

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Cloud water deposition to Appalachian forests

Cited by 73 publications

References 24 publications

Chemical characterization of cloud episodes at a ridge site in Tuscan Appennines, Italy

Chemical characterization of cloud episodes at a ridge site in Tuscan Appennines, Italy

Empirical Modeling of Atmospheric Deposition in Mountainous Landscapes

Fog as a Hydrologic Input

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