Cloud Provider Connectivity in the Flat Internet

Arnold, Todd; He, Jia; Jiang, Wenyu; Calder, Matt; Cunha, Ítalo; Giotsas, Vasileios; Katz-Bassett, Ethan

doi:10.1145/3419394.3423613

Cited by 51 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Furthermore, we expand our previous work [23] with more measurements and vantage points, as well as a thorough path characterization study. In particular, our cloud pervasiveness study reports similar findings to [1], where Todd et al show that cloud providers are already bypassing Tier-1 providers, therefore making the Internet "flatter" (less hierarchical).…”

Section: Related Worksupporting

confidence: 79%

Surrounded by the Clouds

Corneo

Eder

Mohan

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021

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In the early days of cloud computing, datacenters were sparsely deployed at distant locations far from end-users with high end-toend communication latency. However, today's cloud datacenters have become more geographically spread, the bandwidth of the networks keeps increasing, pushing the end-users latency down. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive cloud reachability study as we perform extensive global client-to-cloud latency measurements towards 189 datacenters from all major cloud providers. We leverage the well-known measurement platform RIPE Atlas, involving up to 8500 probes deployed in heterogeneous environments, e.g., home and offices. Our goal is to evaluate the suitability of modern cloud environments for various current and predicted applications. We achieve this by comparing our latency measurements against known human perception thresholds and are able to draw inferences on the suitability of current clouds for novel applications, such as augmented reality. Our results indicate that the current cloud coverage can easily support several latency-critical applications, like cloud gaming, for the majority of the world's population. CCS CONCEPTS• Networks → Network measurement; Public Internet.

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Section: Related Worksupporting

confidence: 79%

Surrounded by the Clouds

Corneo

Eder

Mohan

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021

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“…With a small number of cloud and content providers responsible for 90% of Internet traffic [25], focusing on popular services provides most of the utility while significantly lowering complexity and scope. These providers employ similar deployment strategies that we have made progress in uncovering [7,25] and that simplify some challenges we face [18]. By trying to identify routes commonly used between these services and users ( §3.3), rather than the exact set of routes in use at a particular point in time, we simplify the problem considerably while still enabling interesting use cases ( §2.1).…”

Section: An Internet Traffic Map Is Valuable and (If You Help) Possiblementioning

confidence: 99%

“…An existing public alternative is APNIC's network population data [33]. It has been used in studies [6,7,24,39], but APNIC's methodology has not been validated (to the best of our knowledge), and APNIC aggregates data at an AS granularity, which is too coarse-grained for many use cases. Other work achieved broad user coverage by releasing a popular BitTorrent plugin [20], but BitTorrent's popularity has declined, and no recent research projects achieved broad coverage or longevity.…”

Section: Towards Measuring Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a traffic map of the Internet

Koch

Jiang

Luo

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the Twentieth ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks

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The impact of Internet phenomena depends on how they impact users, but researchers lack visibility into how to translate Internet events into their impact. Distressingly, the research community seems to have lost hope of obtaining this information without relying on privileged viewpoints. We argue for optimism thanks to new network measurement methods and changes in Internet structure which make it possible to construct an "Internet traffic map". This map would identify the locations of users and major services, the paths between them, and the relative activity levels routed along these paths. We sketch our vision for the map, detail new measurement ideas for map construction, and identify key challenges that the research community should tackle. The realization of an Internet traffic ma p wi ll be an In ternet-scale research effort with Internet-scale impacts that reach far beyond the research community, and so we hope our fellow researchers are excited to join us in addressing this challenge.

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“…They peer at colocation facilities and Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) worldwide [48,90,113]. They also peer directly with eyeball networks, bypassing transit providers to improve user performance and cut costs [10,11,28,40,64,69,81]. For example, Google peers with more than 7.5k networks [11] (ca.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They also peer directly with eyeball networks, bypassing transit providers to improve user performance and cut costs [10,11,28,40,64,69,81]. For example, Google peers with more than 7.5k networks [11] (ca. 2020), by establishing peerings at more than 100 colocation facilities and 150 IXPs [50].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seven years in the life of Hypergiants' off-nets

Gigis

Calder

Manassakis

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference

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Content Hypergiants deliver the vast majority of Internet traffic to end users. In recent years, some have invested heavily in deploying services and servers inside end-user networks. With several dozen Hypergiants and thousands of servers deployed inside networks, these off-net (meaning outside the Hypergiant networks) deployments change the structure of the Internet. Previous efforts to study them have relied on proprietary data or specialized per-Hypergiant measurement techniques that neither scale nor generalize, providing a limited view of content delivery on today's Internet.In this paper, we develop a generic and easy to implement methodology to measure the expansion of Hypergiants' off-nets. Our key observation is that Hypergiants increasingly encrypt their traffic to protect their customers' privacy. Thus, we can analyze publicly available Internet-wide scans of port 443 and retrieve TLS certificates to discover which IP addresses host Hypergiant certificates in order to infer the networks hosting off-nets for the corresponding Hypergiants. Our results show that the number of networks hosting Hypergiant off-nets has tripled from 2013 to 2021, reaching 4.5k networks. The largest Hypergiants dominate these deployments, with almost all of these networks hosting an off-net for at least one -and increasingly two or more -of Google, Netflix, Facebook, or Akamai. These four Hypergiants have off-nets within networks that provide access to a significant fraction of end user population.

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Cloud Provider Connectivity in the Flat Internet

Cited by 51 publications

References 35 publications

Surrounded by the Clouds

Surrounded by the Clouds

Towards a traffic map of the Internet

Seven years in the life of Hypergiants' off-nets

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