Cloud Index Tracking

Abstract

Cloud spot markets rent VMs for a variable price that is typically much lower than the price of on-demand VMs, which makes them attractive for a wide range of large-scale applications. However, applications that run on spot VMs suffer from cost uncertainty, since spot prices fluctuate, in part, based on supply, demand, or both. The difficulty in predicting spot prices affects users and applications: the former cannot effectively plan their IT expenditures, while the latter cannot infer the availability and performance of spot VMs, which are a function of their variable price. Prior work attempts to address this uncertainty by modeling and predicting individual spot prices based on historical data. However, a single model likely does not apply to different spot VMs, since they may have different levels of supply and demand. In addition, cloud providers may unilaterally change spot pricing algorithms, as EC2 has done multiple times, which can invalidate existing price models and prediction methods.To address the problem, we use properties of cloud infrastructure and workloads to show that prices become more stable and predictable as they are aggregated together. We leverage this observation to define an aggregate index price for spot VMs that serves as a reference for what users should expect to pay. We show that, even when the spot prices for individual VMs are volatile, the index price remains stable and predictable. We then introduce cloud index tracking: a migration policy that tracks the index price to ensure applications running on spot VMs incur a predictable cost by migrating to a new spot VM if the current VM's price significantly deviates from the index price. We implement cloud index tracking on EC2, and show that it yields a predictable cost near that of the index price, but with much higher availability compared to prior work, which aggressively migrates to the lowest cost VM.

Evaluating Amazon EC2 Spot Price Prediction Models Using Regression Error Characteristic Curve

“…Spot instances are highly attractive to large-scale applications, and the market for spot instances is the foundation of the dynamic pricing scheme. This VMs model serves as a solution for cloud providers with idle resources by leasing out short-term instances at a lower cost, providing budget-conscious users with a more affordable alternative [2,5].…”