Cloud image watermarking: high quality data hiding and blind decoding scheme based on block truncation coding

Chen, Yung-Yao; Chi, Kuan-Yu

doi:10.1007/s00530-017-0560-y

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…where (m, n) denotes the coordinate of each pixel. Three relevant data hiding methods which embed data into AMBTC compressed images while preserving the final file size that were proposed by Ou and Sun [28], Chen and Chi [29], and Kumar et al [30] are used to compare with our proposed method. For a fair comparison, two thresholds are set to the same values in the four methods.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hong et al [27] proposed a method where a compressed block code (L, H, BM) is stored when the embedded secret bit is '0' and changes to (H, L, BM) when the embedded secret bit is '1', and cannot embed data when L is equal to H. Combining advantages of these two methods, Ou and Sun [28] divided blocks into smooth blocks and complex blocks, then replaced the bitmap with secret data and recalculated two quantization values in a smooth block, and used Hong et al's method to embed one bit into a complex block. Later, Chen and Chi [29] sub-divided complex blocks into less complex blocks and highly complex blocks, then used the method of [28] to process the smooth blocks and less complex blocks while embedding 2 bits into a highly complex block by changing the number of '1's in the bitmap to even or odd. Kumar et al [30] further improved the above methods by using the Hamming distance and pixel value differencing to embed 8 bits into a less complex block and 5 bits into a highly complex block, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Hybrid Data Hiding Method for Strict AMBTC Format Images with High-Fidelity

2019

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With the rapid development of smartphones, cloud storage, and wireless communications, protecting the security of compressed images through data transmission on the Internet has become a critical contemporary issue. A series of data hiding methods for AMBTC compressed images has been proposed to solve this problem. However, most of these methods either change the file size of the final compressed code or exchange the order of two quantization values in some blocks. To reverse this situation, this paper proposes a data hiding method for strict AMBTC format images using a hybrid strategy: replacement, matrix encoding, and symmetric quantization value embedding for three block types i.e., smooth blocks, less complex blocks and highly complex blocks. According to the hybrid strategy, an efficient data hiding order is designed to achieve higher-fidelity. Experimental results show that our proposed method provides an excellent balance between image quality and hiding capacity and has no error blocks in the final stego-compressed code.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hybrid Data Hiding Method for Strict AMBTC Format Images with High-Fidelity

2019

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“…As such, the TSM method is suitable for hiding data in a quantization level pair of the AMBTC compression code, which increases the embedding capacity with a slight distortion, while 3. The comparison of Cap and PSNR between the proposed scheme and other works [13]- [15], [20] with different combinations of thresholds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2017, Hong et al [18] proposed a method that utilized a quantization level modification technique and quantization perturbation technique to reduce the distortion caused by bitmap replacement and embedded additional 2 bits of secret data into the complex block by the parity of two quantization levels. Chen et al proposed a high-quality data hiding method based on block truncation coding in 2017 [15] that classified BTC compressed code into smooth block, complex_1 block and complex_2 block based on two thresholds, and then three different hiding strategies were respectively applied in bitmap embedding for high visual quality. In 2019, Lin et al [42] proposed a reversible data hiding method based on an edge-based quantization (ABTC-EQ) approach that first classified AMBTC compressed blocks into edge-block and non-edge block; and then used zero-point fixed histogram shifting to enhance hiding capacity while maintaining satisfactory visual quality in the stego image.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HBF-DH: An Enhanced Payload Hybrid Data Hiding Method Based on a Hybrid Strategy and Block Features

Lin

Chang

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

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This paper proposes an innovative and novel steganography method for an AMBTC compressed image by combining a turtle-shell reference matrix and (7, 4) Hamming code, called hybrid strategy and block feature-based data hiding method (HBF-DH). Firstly, the proposed method compresses an original image by an AMBTC compression technique, and then applies a user predefined threshold pair to classify all compressed blocks into three categories: a smooth block, less complex block, and high complex block. Next, the smooth and less complex blocks are smoothed out with the aim of vacating more space for data hiding. The embedding process is divided into two phases. In the first phase, each quantization level pair of the AMBTC compression codes is used to embed an 8-ary secret digit by using a restrictive turtle-shell reference matrix. The second phase embeds binary secret data into a bitmap according to block characteristics. For smooth blocks, the bitmap is directly replaced as binary secret data by using bit replacement. For a less complex block, the binary secret data is concealed into a bitmap by using our proposed (7, 4) Hamming code based data hiding strategy, which increases the data hiding capacity without significant impact on image quality. The experimental results and analyses prove that the proposed HBF-DH method is superior to other existing AMBTC based data hiding methods in terms of data hiding ability with satisfactory image visual quality.INDEX TERMS Steganography, AMBTC, (7, 4) hamming code, turtle-shell reference matrix, high payload, block features.

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“…This method is also a hybrid method by using OTQL and DBS additionally. Chen and Chi [26] sub-divided less complex block and highly complex block. In 2016, Malik et al [27] introduced a DH based on AMBTC using 2-bit plane and 4 quantization levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Data Hiding Based on AMBTC Using Enhanced Hamming Code

Kim¹,

Shin²,

Yang³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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We present a method of effectively concealing data in two quantization levels representing blocks based on Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding (AMBTC) using Hamming code. The reason for choosing AMBTC as the cover media is that AMBTC is not only easily compressible by simple arithmetic operations, but is also efficient for exchanging data in small portable terminals, such as smart devices, because compression efficiency and image quality are satisfactory. AMBTC is expressed in the form of a $trio (a, b, BM)$, where $a$ and $b$ are quantization levels and BM is a bitmap. The quantization level is a pixel value used as a representative value when dividing an image into $4 \times 4$ blocks. Bai \& Chang introduced a method of hiding data using Hamming code. However, this method presented a problem with efficiency compared to the existing methods. In this paper, in order to improve the problem of this method, we minimize the error that occurs when concealing the data using the optimized Hamming code lookup table. We verified that the performance of the proposed method is satisfactory in terms of embedding capacity and quality of the image through sufficient experimental results.

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Cloud image watermarking: high quality data hiding and blind decoding scheme based on block truncation coding

Cited by 32 publications

References 32 publications

A Hybrid Data Hiding Method for Strict AMBTC Format Images with High-Fidelity

A Hybrid Data Hiding Method for Strict AMBTC Format Images with High-Fidelity

HBF-DH: An Enhanced Payload Hybrid Data Hiding Method Based on a Hybrid Strategy and Block Features

Hybrid Data Hiding Based on AMBTC Using Enhanced Hamming Code

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