Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin: The third most potent bacterial toxin known

Alves, Guilherme Guerra; Machado-de-Ávila, Ricardo Andrez; Chávez-Olórtegui, Carlos; Lobato, Francisco Carlos Faria

doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.08.016

Cited by 75 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…There are only two case reports of illness in humans related to the epsilon toxin and these were reported in 1955 [42]. Considering that some human cell lines (G402 and ACHN) are sensitive to ETX, ETX is potentially toxic to humans [42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemolysis in human erythrocytes by Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin requires activation of P2 receptors

et al. 2018

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Epsilon-toxin (ETX) is produced by types B and D strains of Clostridium perfringens, which cause fatal enterotoxaemia in sheep, goats and cattle. Previous studies showed that only a restricted number of cell lines are sensitive to ETX and ETX-induced hemolysis has not previously been reported. In this study, the hemolytic ability of ETX was examined using erythrocytes from 10 species including murine, rabbit, sheep, monkey and human. We found that ETX caused hemolysis in human erythrocytes (HC50 = 0.2 μM) but not erythrocytes from the other test species. Moreover, the mechanism of ETX-induced hemolysis was further explored. Recent studies showed that some bacterial toxins induce hemolysis through purinergic receptor (P2) activation. Hence, the function of purinergic receptors in ETX-induced hemolysis was tested, and we found that the non-selective P2 receptor antagonists PPADS inhibited ETX-induced lysis of human erythrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that ETX-induced hemolysis requires activation of purinergic receptors. P2 receptors comprise seven P2X (P2X1–7) and eight P2Y (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y11–P2Y14) receptor subtypes. The pattern of responsiveness to more selective P2-antagonists implies that both P2Y13 and P2X7 receptors are involved in ETX-induced hemolysis in human species. Furthermore, we demonstrated that extracellular ATP is likely not involved in ETX-induced hemolysis and the activation of P2 receptors. These findings clarified the mechanism of ETX-induced hemolysis and provided new insight into the activities and ETX mode of action.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemolysis in human erythrocytes by Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin requires activation of P2 receptors

et al. 2018

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“…ETX is coded by the plasmid-encoded gene etx , and is the third most potent toxin known from Clostridium spp., behind botulinum toxins (BoNTs) and tetanus toxin (TeNT) (for review, see Alves et al [75]). This toxin is part of the pore-forming aerolysin-β-toxins, and is produced by the B and D toxinotypes.…”

Section: Epsilon Toxin (Etx)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recombinant Alpha, Beta, and Epsilon Toxins of Clostridium perfringens: Production Strategies and Applications as Veterinary Vaccines

Ferreira

Moreira

Cunha

et al. 2016

Toxins

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Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming, commensal, ubiquitous bacterium that is present in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy humans and animals. This bacterium produces up to 18 toxins. The species is classified into five toxinotypes (A–E) according to the toxins that the bacterium produces: alpha, beta, epsilon, or iota. Each of these toxinotypes is associated with myriad different, frequently fatal, illnesses that affect a range of farm animals and humans. Alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins are the main causes of disease. Vaccinations that generate neutralizing antibodies are the most common prophylactic measures that are currently in use. These vaccines consist of toxoids that are obtained from C. perfringens cultures. Recombinant vaccines offer several advantages over conventional toxoids, especially in terms of the production process. As such, they are steadily gaining ground as a promising vaccination solution. This review discusses the main strategies that are currently used to produce recombinant vaccines containing alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins of C. perfringens, as well as the potential application of these molecules as vaccines for mammalian livestock animals.

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“…Epsilon toxin is the third most potent toxin after botulinum and tetanus toxins secreted by Clostridium species, is produced by C. perfringens B and D, and cause lamb dysentery, enterotoxaemia, and fatal disease for domestic animals [10,205,217,218]. Quantification of epsilon toxin in complex matrix like a milk and serum, is possible by mass spectrometry technique developed by Alexandre Seyer et.…”

Section: Perfringens Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Tests for Detection of Main Clostridial Toxins

Pérez-Etcheverry

Carmen

2017

IRA-JAS

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Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin: The third most potent bacterial toxin known

Cited by 75 publications

References 57 publications

Hemolysis in human erythrocytes by Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin requires activation of P2 receptors

Hemolysis in human erythrocytes by Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin requires activation of P2 receptors

Recombinant Alpha, Beta, and Epsilon Toxins of Clostridium perfringens: Production Strategies and Applications as Veterinary Vaccines

Rapid Tests for Detection of Main Clostridial Toxins

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