Clostridium difficile Infection: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment

Fernández-García, Laura; Blasco, Lucía; López, María Reneé; MariaTomás,

doi:10.5772/67754

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…In patients with CDI, the gut microbiota exhibits a loss of diversity, which can worsen with recurrent CDI ( 30 ). With gut dysbiosis, C. difficile spores can germinate and produce exotoxins, disrupting the intestinal mucosa and causing CDI-associated diarrhea ( 31 , 32 ).…”

Section: Gut Dysbiosis and Clostridioides Difficile ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiota and microbiota-based therapies for Clostridioides difficile infection

Chopra

Hecht²,

Tillotson³

2023

Front. Med.

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Clostridioides difficile infection poses significant clinical challenges due to its recurrent nature. Current antibiotic management does not address the underlying issue, that of a disturbed gastrointestinal microbiome, called dysbiosis. This provides a supportive environment for the germination of C. difficile spores which lead to infection and toxin production as well as an array of other health conditions. The use of microbiome restoration therapies such as live biotherapeutics can reverse dysbiosis and lead to good clinical outcomes. Several such therapies are under clinical investigation.

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Section: Gut Dysbiosis and Clostridioides Difficile ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiota and microbiota-based therapies for Clostridioides difficile infection

Chopra

Hecht²,

Tillotson³

2023

Front. Med.

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show abstract

“…Clostridioides difficile ( C. difficile ) is a Gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacillus that can be transmitted from person to person or through contact with environmental contamination, 1 which can lead to a diarrheal illness in humans: C. difficile infection (CDI). 2 Data show that after an initial episode of CDI, up to 25% of patients experience a recurrence. 1 – 4 Furthermore, of the patients who have had a recurrence, up to 65% will experience subsequent recurrence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“… 2 Data show that after an initial episode of CDI, up to 25% of patients experience a recurrence. 1 – 4 Furthermore, of the patients who have had a recurrence, up to 65% will experience subsequent recurrence. 5 – 7 A vicious cycle of infection–reinfection impedes recovery, thereby exacerbating the substantial morbidity and economic impact associated with CDI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Transitions of care inClostridioides difficileinfection: a need of the hour

Khanna

Lett²,

Lattimer³

et al. 2022

Therap Adv Gastroenterol

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Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a complex disease that by virtue of both its initial virulence and proclivity toward recurrent episodes causes a high morbidity, mortality, and financial burden. This burden is felt by patients and their families as well as the U.S. healthcare system. Recurrent CDI episodes can occur in 25–65% of patients, with a cycle of multiple recurrences in a single patient contributing to the complexity of care. Patients with or suspected of having CDI will receive treatment and their care will be managed across multiple healthcare settings and will include many different levels of healthcare workers. The understanding of this infection is essential for all who are involved in the care of these patients. A well-structured and implemented Transition of Care process can ease the burden on the healthcare system, patients, and their families; reduce the cost of care; and improve patient outcomes. We review the development of Transitions of Care processes, resource guides, and their relevance to improving the management of CDI.

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“…Patients acquire CDI by oral ingestion of spores that are highly resistant to harsh environmental conditions such as acidic pH, alcohol, extreme temperature, and common chemical detergents. [8][9][10][11] Antibiotics that alter the gut microbiota are the driving force behind the depletion of secondary bile acid production in the gut. Primary bile acids, including cholate, taurocholate and glycocholate, allow C. difficile spore germination and colonization in the gut.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel metal peroxide nanoboxes restrain Clostridioides difficile infection beyond the bactericidal and sporicidal activity

Yang,

Lai,

Cheung

et al. 2023

Bioengineering & Transla Med

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Clostridioides difficile spores are considered as the major source responsible for the development of C. difficile infection (CDI), which is associated with an increased risk of death in patients and has become an important issue in infection control of nosocomial infections. Current treatment against CDI still relies on antibiotics, which also damage normal flora and increase the risk of CDI recurrence. Therefore, alternative therapies that are more effective against C. difficile bacteria and spores are urgently needed. Here, we designed an oxidation process using H2O2 containing PBS solution to generate Cl− and peroxide molecules that further process Ag and Au ions to form nanoboxes with Ag–Au peroxide coat covering Au shell and AgCl core (AgAu‐based nanoboxes). The AgAu‐based nanoboxes efficiently disrupted the membrane structure of bacteria/spores of C. difficile after 30–45 min exposure to the highly reactive Ag/Au peroxide surface of the nano structures. The Au‐enclosed AgCl provided sustained suppression of the growth of 2 × 107 pathogenic Escherichia coli for up to 19 days. In a fecal bench ex vivo test and in vivo CDI murine model, biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy of the AuAg nanoboxes to attenuate CDI was demonstrated by restoring the gut microbiota and colon mucosal structure. The treatment successfully rescued the CDI mice from death and prevented their recurrence mediated by vancomycin treatment. The significant outcomes indicated that the new peroxide‐derived AgAu‐based nanoboxes possess great potential for future translation into clinical application as a new alternative therapeutic strategy against CDI.

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Clostridium difficile Infection: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment

Cited by 4 publications

References 56 publications

Gut microbiota and microbiota-based therapies for Clostridioides difficile infection

Gut microbiota and microbiota-based therapies for Clostridioides difficile infection

Transitions of care inClostridioides difficileinfection: a need of the hour

Novel metal peroxide nanoboxes restrain Clostridioides difficile infection beyond the bactericidal and sporicidal activity

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