Clostridioides difficile epidemiology in India

Monaghan, Tanya; Biswas, Rima; Satav, Ashish; Ambalkar, Shrikant; Kashyap, Rajpal S.

doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102517

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Despite the disease burden of C. difficile in low-and middle-income countries, epidemiological data assessing the burden of CDI remain relatively scarce [80,81]. Most epidemiological studies on CDI have been reported from North America and Europe over the past two decades, with few reports from Latin and South America, Africa, and Asia [81].…”

Section: Difficile Epidemiology In the Rest Of The Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Evolving Epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile Infection and Treatment: A Global Perspective

et al. 2023

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Clostridioides difficile remains an important public health threat, globally. Since the emergence of the hypervirulent strain, ribotype 027, new strains have been reported to cause C. difficile infection (CDI) with poor health outcomes, including ribotypes 014/020, 017, 056, 106, and 078/126. These strains differ in their geographic distribution, genetic makeup, virulence factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, which can affect their ability to cause disease and respond to treatment. As such, understanding C. difficile epidemiology is increasingly important to allow for effective prevention measures. Despite the heightened epidemiological surveillance of C. difficile over the past two decades, it remains challenging to accurately estimate the burden and international epidemiological trends given the lack of concerted global effort for surveillance, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This review summarizes the changing epidemiology of C. difficile based on available data within the last decade, highlights the pertinent ribotypes from a global perspective, and discusses evolving treatments for CDI.

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Section: Difficile Epidemiology In the Rest Of The Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Evolving Epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile Infection and Treatment: A Global Perspective

et al. 2023

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“…The observation of the same strains of C. difficile in animals and rural workers effectively demonstrates the importance of this agent in the concept of One Health (O'Shaughnessey et al 2019, Redding et al 2021. The presence of C. difficile in animals (Weese et al 2020), water treatment plants (Chisholm et al 2022), food (Borji et al 2023), soil (Marcos et al 2023), and humans (Monaghan et al 2022) demonstrates its ability to colonize various species and, consequently, facilitates its dissemination and the exchange of virulence genes (Mitchell et al 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Molecular epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile obtained from fecal samples of wild animals in Brazil

Lima,

Basso,

Cerri

et al. 2024

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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Clostridioides difficile is a strictly anaerobic, spore-forming Gram-positive bacterium associated with diarrhea, known as C. difficile infection (CDI). In domestic animals, C. difficile is considered an important pathogen mostly in pigs and horses, but there are also reports in other domestic species. In wild animals, the epidemiology of C. difficile is largely unknown, and the role of the bacterium as a cause of diarrhea is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of C. difficile in the feces of wild animals referred to the Center of Medicine and Research in Wild Animals (CEMPAS). Fecal samples obtained from 100 animals of 34 different species were subjected to qPCR for the detection of the C. difficile 16S rRNA gene and two major toxin genes (tcdA and tcdB) and to anaerobic bacterial isolation. A total of 63 animals (63%) were positive for C. difficile by qPCR, and 16 isolates were recovered. The opossum (Didelphis spp.) had the highest number of positive animals in both tests (from 21 samples, 19 were qPCR positive, and four isolates were recovered). Three toxigenic strains (RT 002, 004, and 014), all previously described as infecting humans and animals, were isolated in the following species: bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps), pampas fox (Lycalopex vetulus), and marmoset (Callithrix sp.). The presence of C. difficile in the feces of wild animals highlights the importance of wildlife as potential carriers of infection for production animals or humans.

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“…CDI rates during the COVID pandemic have decreased in some US and European hospitals, yet have increased or remained stable at other healthcare facilities [ 4 ]. The consequences of CDI include increased hospital stays (5–10 days), increased intensive care unit admissions (5–18%), increased attributable mortality (2–7%), increased healthcare costs (USD 71,980 to over USD 200,000/patient), requiring a colectomy (1–9%), and development of recurrent CDI (20–40%), which carries an increased risk of sepsis (17–43%) [ 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]; CDI remains a global problem and more effective methods to prevent CDIs are urgently needed [ 11 , 12 ]. As the knowledge of the roles of the intestinal microbiome expands and its protective abilities are appreciated, newer strategies to prevent CDIs have been explored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome-Related and Infection Control Approaches to Primary and Secondary Prevention of Clostridioides difficile Infections

McFarland¹,

Goldstein²,

Kullar³

2023

Microorganisms

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Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs) have decreased in the past years, but since 2021, some hospitals have reported an increase in CDI rates. CDI remains a global concern and has been identified as an urgent threat to healthcare. Although multiple treatment options are available, prevention strategies are more limited. As CDI is an opportunistic infection that arises after the normally protective microbiome has been disrupted, preventive measures aimed at restoring the microbiome have been tested. Our aim is to update the present knowledge on these various preventive strategies published in the past five years (2018–2023) to guide clinicians and healthcare systems on how to best prevent CDI. A literature search was conducted using databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and clinicaltrials.gov) for phase 2–3 clinical trials for the primary or secondary prevention of CDI and microbiome and probiotics. As the main factor for Clostridium difficile infections is the disruption of the normally protective intestinal microbiome, strategies aimed at restoring the microbiome seem most rational. Some strains of probiotics, the use of fecal microbial therapy, and live biotherapeutic products offer promise to fill this niche; although, more large randomized controlled trials are needed that document the shifts in the microbiome population.

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Clostridioides difficile epidemiology in India

Cited by 10 publications

References 46 publications

Insights into the Evolving Epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile Infection and Treatment: A Global Perspective

Insights into the Evolving Epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile Infection and Treatment: A Global Perspective

Molecular epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile obtained from fecal samples of wild animals in Brazil

Microbiome-Related and Infection Control Approaches to Primary and Secondary Prevention of Clostridioides difficile Infections

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