Clostridial Enteric Infections in Pigs

Songer, J. Glenn; Uzal, Francisco A.

doi:10.1177/104063870501700602

Cited by 214 publications

(264 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…All samples were negative for Clostridium perfringens type C. This agent was considered very important in preceding works on the etiology of neonatal diarrhea (Songer & Uzall 2005), but more recent surveys have given little importance to the association of this agent with neonatal diarrhea (Yaeger et al 2002, Katsuda et al 2006, Cruz-Junior 2010.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Matched case-control study evaluating the frequency of the main agents associated with neonatal diarrhea in piglets

Lippke

Borowski²,

Marques

et al. 2011

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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A case-control study was carried out in litters of 1 to 7-day-old piglets to identify the main infectious agents involved with neonatal diarrhea in pigs. Fecal samples (n=276) from piglets were collected on pig farms in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from May to September 2007. Litters with diarrhea were considered cases (n=129) and normal litters (n=147) controls. The samples were examined by latex agglutination test, PAGE, conventional isolating techniques, ELISA, PCR, and microscopic methods in order to detect rotavirus, bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens type A and C, and Clostridium difficile), and parasites (Coccidian and Cryptosporidium spp.). Outbreaks of diarrhea were not observed during sampling. At least one agent was detected in fecal samples on 25 out of 28 farms (89.3%) and in 16 farms (57.1%) more than one agent was found. The main agents diagnosed were Coccidia (42.86%) and rotavirus (39.29%). The main agents identified in litters with diarrhea were Clostridium difficile (10.6%), Clostridium perfringens type A (8.8%) and rotavirus (7.5%); in control litters, Clostridium difficile (16.6%) and Coccidian (8.5%). Beta hemolytic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens type C were not detected. When compared with controls, no agent was significantly associated with diarrhea in case litters. These findings stress the need for caution in the interpretation of laboratorial diagnosis of mild diarrhea in neonatal pigs, as the sole detection of an agent does not necessarily indicate that it is the cause of the problem. dos surtos e a diarréia, quando presente, apresentou-se leve. Pelo menos um agente foi identificado nas amostras fecais de 25 entre 28 granjas (89,3%) analisadas e em 16 granjas (57,1%) mais de um agente foi detectado. Os principais agentes encontrados nas granjas foram coccídeos (42,86%) e rotavírus (39,29%). Os principais agentes detectados nas leitegadas com diarreia foram Clostridium difficile (10,6%), Clostridium perfringens tipo A (8,8%) e rotavírus (7,5%). Por outro lado, nas leitegadas controle os agentes mais prevalentes foram Clostridium difficile (16,6%) e coccídeos (8,5%). E. coli Beta hemolítica e Clostridium perfringens tipo C não foram detectados. O presente estudo de caso-controle demonstrou que nenhum agente infeccioso esteve associado significativamente com diarreia (p>0.05). Esses achados reforçam a necessidade de que haja cuidado na interpretação de resultados de exames laboratoriais em materiais coletados de leitões com diarreia neonatal leve, pois a detecção isolada de um agente infeccioso não indica necessariamente que o mesmo seja a causa do problema.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clostridium difficile was also identified exclusively in very young piglets (1-4 days old). According to Songer & Uzall, 2005, a typical case of diarrhea caused by this agent will occur in a piglet 1-4 days of age, with diarrhea starting soon after birth. For rotavirus, the diagnosis of the agent was higher in piglets older than 4 days old.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Matched case-control study evaluating the frequency of the main agents associated with neonatal diarrhea in piglets

Lippke

Borowski²,

Marques

et al. 2011

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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“…At the same time as this expansion of CDI in humans, there has also been a significant increase in animal disease caused by C. difficile. C. difficile is now the most common cause of enteritis in neonatal piglets in the USA (Songer and Uzal, 2005) as well as frequently causing diarrhoea in adult horses (Båverud et al, 2003). The increase in CDI in food animals has led to the suggestion that community-acquired CDI might be a foodborne disease (Weese, 2010) although this has yet to be proven.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium difficile infection: Evolution, phylogeny and molecular epidemiology

Elliott

Androga

Knight

et al. 2017

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Over the recent decades, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has emerged as a global public health threat. Despite growing attention, C. difficile remains a poorly understood pathogen, however, the exquisite sensitivity offered by next generation sequencing (NGS) technology has enabled analysis of the genome of C. difficile, giving us access to massive genomic data on factors such as virulence, evolution, and genetic relatedness within C. difficile groups. NGS has also demonstrated excellence in investigations of outbreaks and disease transmission, in both small and large-scale applications. This review summarizes the molecular epidemiology, evolution, and phylogeny of C. difficile, one of the most important pathogens worldwide in the current antibiotic resistance era.

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“…In general, colonization factors known from different E. coli strains show high antigenic heterogeneity lacking any cross-protection, which hampers its efficacy under field conditions, where pigs are exposed to various strains (Luo et al, 2015). For CPA, no immunogenic components aside from the toxins are known so far and attachment does not seem to be a precondition for CPA-associated disease (Songer and Uzal, 2005). Anti-toxin antibodies have been found to protect against the disease (Springer et al, 2012), but these might not interfere with the CPA strains administered, which produced no toxins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Administration of non-pathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens type A to piglets in a herd affected with a high incidence of neonatal diarrhoea

Unterweger

Kahler

Gerlach³

et al. 2017

Animal

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A bacterial cocktail of living strains of Clostridium perfringens type A (CPA) without β2-toxin gene and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli was administered orally to newborn piglets before first colostrum intake and on 2 consecutive days on a farm with a high incidence of diarrhoea and antibiotic treatment in suckling piglets associated with E. coli and CPA. This clinical field study was driven by the hypothetic principle of competitive exclusion of pathogenic bacteria due to prior colonization of the gut mucosal surface by non-pathogenic strains of the same bacterial species with the aim of preventing disease. Although CPA strains used in this study did not produce toxins in vitro, their lack of pathogenicity cannot be conclusively confirmed. The health status of the herd was impaired by a high incidence of postpartum dysgalactia syndrome in sows (70%) and a high incidence of neonatal diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli and CPA during the study. No obvious adverse effect of the bacterial treatment occurred. On average, more piglets were weaned in litters treated ( P = 0.009). Visual pathological alterations in the small intestinal wall were more frequent in dead piglets of the control group (P = 0.004) and necrotizing enteritis was only found in that group. A higher average daily weight gain of piglets in the control group ( P < 0.001) may be due to an increased milk uptake due to less competition in the smaller litters. The bacterial cocktail was tested under field conditions for its potential to stabilize gut health status in suckling piglets before disease development due to colibacillosis and clostridial infections; however, the gut flora stabilizing effect of the bacterial cocktail was not clearly discernible in this study. Further basic research is needed to confirm the positive effects of the bacterial treatment used and to identify additional potential bacterial candidates for competitive exclusion.

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Clostridial Enteric Infections in Pigs

Abstract: Abstract.Clostridium perfringens types A and C and Clostridium difficile are the principal enteric clostridial pathogens of swine.

Cited by 214 publications

References 30 publications

Matched case-control study evaluating the frequency of the main agents associated with neonatal diarrhea in piglets

Matched case-control study evaluating the frequency of the main agents associated with neonatal diarrhea in piglets

Clostridium difficile infection: Evolution, phylogeny and molecular epidemiology

Administration of non-pathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens type A to piglets in a herd affected with a high incidence of neonatal diarrhoea

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