Classically closo-carborane anions, particularly
[HCB11H11]− and [HCB9H9]−, and their derivatives have primarily
been used as weakly coordinating anions to isolate reactive intermediates,
platforms for stoichiometric and catalytic functionalization, counteranions
for simple Lewis acid catalysis, and components of materials like
liquid crystals. The aim of this article is to educate the reader
on the contemporary nonclassical applications of these anions. Specifically,
this review will cover new directions in main group catalysis utilized
to achieve some of the most challenging catalytic reactions such as
C–F, C–H, and C–C functionalizations that are
difficult or impossible to realize with transition metals. In addition,
the review will cover the utilization of the clusters as dianionic
C σ-bound ligands for coordination chemistry, ligand substituents
for coordination chemistry and advanced catalyst design, and covalently
bound spectator substituents to stabilize radicals. Furthermore, their
applications as solution-based and solid-state electrolytes for Li,
Na, and Mg batteries will be discussed.