Closing carbon cycles: Evaluating the performance of multi-product CO2 utilisation and storage configurations in a refinery

Electrochemical carbon dioxide capture to close the carbon cycle

“…Among all GHG's, CO 2 (g) is accepted to be the main anthropogenic control knob on the climate and has been the focus of many studies [4,5]. To achieve a net zero emission [6], reducing the total CO 2 emission obtains most impact in the short term [7]. The largest CO 2 emission is due to combustion of fossil fuels and thus can be reduced through fossil fuels phase out.…”

“…However, no data on the energy consumption of those systems is available. CO 2 capture through EDI is limited due to the cost of ion exchange resins, their poor stability and their sensitivity to fouling[127] 6…”

Process modelling and life cycle assessment coupled with experimental work to shape the future sustainable production of chemicals and fuels

“…Furthermore, studies often restrict the scope to environmental impact(s) tightly linked to the use of biomass and CO 2 as feedstock, focusing on global warming and fossil depletion metrics. 38,42,48,77,78,109,120,126,[159][160][161][162][163] However, the large-scale adoption of emerging technologies could unintendedly shift burdens across environmental categories or echelons in the product's supply chain. It was stressed that LCA studies on CCU products are not harmonized in terms of assumptions, scope, system boundaries and impact metrics, which makes comparisons challenging.…”

Consequential life cycle assessment of carbon capture and utilization technologies within the chemical industry

“…[2][3][4] Existing life cycle assessments (LCA) of CCU investigate the environmental impacts of the production of a chemical, for example, C 1 basic chemicals like carbon monoxide, 5 syngas, 6,7 formic acid, 5,8,9 methane 6,7,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and methanol. 5,6,[12][13][14][17][18][19] Other LCAs focused on the assessment of more complex molecules produced via CCU, like methyl propionate, 20 DME, 11,19,21 DMC, 17,22 OME, 23 (jet) fuels, 24,25 and polymers. 4,14,21,26,27 A recurrent conclusion from these studies is that emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced when producing the chemicals via CCU while using electricity from renewable resources compared to fossil-based production.…”

“…5,6,[12][13][14][17][18][19] Other LCAs focused on the assessment of more complex molecules produced via CCU, like methyl propionate, 20 DME, 11,19,21 DMC, 17,22 OME, 23 (jet) fuels, 24,25 and polymers. 4,14,21,26,27 A recurrent conclusion from these studies is that emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced when producing the chemicals via CCU while using electricity from renewable resources compared to fossil-based production. However, in one study 22 this is not the case although best-case estimates were taken.…”