“…The supply chain network, consisting of a fleet of F 3 UAVs (divided in two sets: F1 = { 1, ..., f , ..., F1 }, the set of pre-existing UAVs and F2 = { 1, ..., f , ..., F2 }, the set of possible additional UAVs, where F 3 = F1 + F2 ), D controller UAVs and U users or devices on the ground, is depicted in Figure 1 (see [3] for another optimization model based on supply chain network, [2] and [10] for other optimization models on closed-loop chains, and [14] for digital data sharing across the supply chains). The typical user or device on the ground is denoted by u, and could require S types of network or application services.…”