Closed-loop model-based wind farm control using FLORIS under time-varying inflow conditions

Doekemeijer, Bart; Hoek, Daan van der; Wingerden, Jan‐Willem van

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2020.04.007

Cited by 93 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Clearly, additional research and validation is necessary for the industry-wide adoption of wake-steering control algorithms for commercial wind farms. This is in agreement with a recent survey among experts in academia and industry working on wind farm control (van Wingerden et al, 2020), which shows that the lack of validation is currently the primary barrier preventing implementation of wind farm control.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The turbine yaw angles are optimized using the FLORIS surrogate model, developed by the University of Colorado Boulder (CU Boulder), the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and the Delft University of Technology (Gebraad et al, 2016;Doekemeijer et al, 2021). FLORIS is a surrogate wind farm model that combines several submodels from the literature, such as the single-wake model from Bastankhah and Porté-Agel (2016), the turbine-induced turbulence model by Crespo and Hernández (1996), and the wake superposition model by Katic et al (1987).…”

Section: Optimization Of the Turbine Control Setpointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FLORIS is developed by CU Boulder, the Delft University of Technology, and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. A research-oriented MATLAB implementation is developed by the Delft University of Technology, available at its GitHub repository (Doekemeijer et al, 2021) (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4458669). Note that a numerically efficient Python implementation of FLORIS is developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, available at its GitHub repository (Mudafort et al, 2021) (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437566).…”

Section: Appendix A: Additional Look-up Table Figuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A field experiment of wake steering on a scaled wind farm by Wagenaar et al (2012) is inconclusive compared to baseline operation. In response, there has been a surge in the interest in the development of reliable wake-steering solutions that address issues of wind variability and measurement uncertainty (e.g., Rott et al, 2018;Simley et al, 2019;Kanev, 2020;Doekemeijer et al, 2020). Additionally, interest in the effect of yaw misalignment on the turbine structural loads is rising, with publications showing both reductions and increases in structural loads, depending on the turbine component, misalignment angle, and wind profile (e.g., Kragh and Hansen, 2014;Damiani et al, 2018;Ennis et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field experiment for open-loop yaw-based wake steering at a commercial onshore wind farm in Italy

Doekemeijer

Kern²,

Maturu³

et al. 2021

Wind Energ. Sci.

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Abstract. The concept of wake steering on wind farms for power maximization has gained significant popularity over the last decade. Recent field trials described in the literature not only demonstrate the real potential of wake steering on commercial wind farms but also show that wake steering does not yet consistently lead to an increase in energy production for all inflow conditions. Moreover, a recent survey among experts shows that validation of the concept currently remains the largest barrier to adoption. In response, this article presents the results of a field experiment investigating wake steering in three-turbine arrays at an onshore wind farm in Italy. This experiment was performed as part of the European CL-Windcon project. While important, this experiment excludes an analysis of the structural loads and focuses solely on the effects of wake steering on power production. The measurements show increases in power production of up to 35 % for two-turbine interactions and up to 16 % for three-turbine interactions. However, losses in power production are seen for various regions of wind directions too. In addition to the gains achieved through wake steering at downstream turbines, more interesting to note is that a significant share in gains is from the upstream turbines, showing an increased power production of the yawed turbine itself compared to baseline operation for some wind directions. Furthermore, the surrogate model, while capturing the general trends of wake interaction, lacks the details necessary to accurately represent the measurements. This article supports the notion that further research is necessary, notably on the topics of wind farm modeling and experiment design, before wake steering will lead to consistent energy gains on commercial wind farms.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Optimization Of the Turbine Control Setpointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Appendix A: Additional Look-up Table Figuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Field experiment for open-loop yaw-based wake steering at a commercial onshore wind farm in Italy

Doekemeijer

Kern²,

Maturu³

et al. 2021

Wind Energ. Sci.

Self Cite

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“…Toolboxes extend the purely mathematical descriptions of wake models and integrate them into software packages to facilitate their application in the context of WF simulations. FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady-state (FLORIS) is a control-oriented model for steady-state wake simulations which includes multiple wake models and allows for integration in closed-loop wake steering controllers [26,63,[69][70][71]. It uses a simplified turbine model including rotor rotation and cosine power law relations to account for rotor yawing [72].…”

Section: Simulation Of Selected Aerodynamic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical three‐dimensional wind flow model for real‐time wind farm simulation

Kipke

Chhor

2020

IET Renewable Power Generation

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Wind farm flow control oriented to electricity markets and grid integration: Initial perspective analysis

et al. 2021

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Wind farm control (WFC) allows coordinated operation of the wind turbines within a wind power plant (WPP). However, its development has traditionally been split into the distinct disciplines of power plant control and farm flow control. As variable renewable energies, in particular wind energy, increase their penetration into the power system, grid code requirements become stricter for WPPs and electricity markets necessarily evolve. In such a context, crossfertilization between the two categories of WFC, targeting an integrated approach where applicable, becomes a priority. An initial overview on how to further align wind farm flow control (WFFC) to grid and electricity markets participation is provided, including an analysis of capabilities and prospects. In addition, greater detail is given about an open‐access dataset serving as market showcases for value demonstration of price‐driven operation of WPPs by means of WFFC.

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Closed-loop model-based wind farm control using FLORIS under time-varying inflow conditions

Cited by 93 publications

References 18 publications

Field experiment for open-loop yaw-based wake steering at a commercial onshore wind farm in Italy

Field experiment for open-loop yaw-based wake steering at a commercial onshore wind farm in Italy

Analytical three‐dimensional wind flow model for real‐time wind farm simulation

Wind farm flow control oriented to electricity markets and grid integration: Initial perspective analysis

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