Closed-loop enhancement and neural decoding of cognitive control in humans

Local and distant cortical responses to single pulse intracranial stimulation in the human brain are differentially modulated by specific stimulation parameters

“…However, neurophysiological, behavioral and therapeutic effects of DES remain quite variable and unpredictable [12][13][14][15][16][17]. This variability in efficacy likely results from stimulation interacting with the target brain network differently in different patients, in part due to complex interactions between stimulation parameters, including location, pulse width and duration, injected current, location relative to grey and white matter, and stimulation frequency [14,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Attempts to better understand the mechanisms underlying DES neuromodulation are complicated by near infinite parameter possibilities as well as numerous hypotheses for why certain stimulation parameters are effective while others are not [2,6,8,13,[36][37][38][39][40][41].…”

Serendipitous Stimulation of Nucleus Basalis of Meynert—The Effect of Unintentional, Long-Term High-Frequency Stimulation on Cognition in Parkinson’s Disease

“…Open-loop NBM-DBS may, thus, fail to interact purposefully with networks underlying memory and cognition. Novel approaches employing closed-loop neuromodulation for treatment-resistant depression [34] and enhancement of cognitive control [35] are slowly emerging and may offer valuable insights for individualizing NBM-DBS. A pressing challenge that may aid problems is identifying a biomarker for cognitive functioning, which could allow refining stimulus delivery.…”

“Primed to Perform:” Dynamic white matter graph communicability may drive metastable network representations of enhanced preparatory cognitive control

“…Additional studies could explore the role of electrical stimulation as a source of network control – that is, exploring whether we can reliably induce network state transitions that push the brain into preferred, “primed to perform” states to improve cognition 61 . These findings would be used to improve early prototypes of closed-loop systems 62 that detect cognitive states in real-time, prior to the start of cognitive loading, and provide targeted stimulation to improve dynamic cognitive output. This type of a closed-loop strategy could have enormous implications for patients with intellectual or cognitive disability, where the overarching goal is not to alter the brain substrate itself, but to preferentially enable functional structures in the substrate that are “primed to perform”.…”