Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) Earthquake Behaviour Coding Methodology: analysis of Christchurch Public Hospital video data from the 22 February Christchurch earthquake event

Lambie, Emily; Wilson, Thomas; Brogt, Erik; Johnston, David; Ardagh, Michael; Deely, John; Jensen, Steven J.; Feldmann-Jensen, Shirley

doi:10.1007/s11069-016-2735-9

Cited by 29 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Data from actual earthquakes around the world also highlight the range of actions that people have taken at the time of shaking, and these data were used to inform the surveys. Such actions have been dependent on the context of each earthquake but include: staying still or motionless (Arnold, Eisner, Durkin, & Whitaker, ; Lindell et al., ; Tokyo Fire Department, ); looking around (Lambie et al., ); holding on to someone or something (Lambie et al., ); taking cover under a doorway, desk, or other furniture (Archea, ; Arnold et al., ; Goltz, Russell, & Bourque, ; Prati, Saccinto, Pietrantoni, & Pérez‐Testor, ); dropping and covering (Lindell et al., ); moving to another location within a building (Johnston et al., ; Lambie et al., ; Prati et al., ); turning off fuel outlets or equipment utilizing fire (Archea & Kobayashi, ; Ohta & Ohashi, ; Takuma, ); and exiting/evacuating buildings (Archea, ; Archea & Kobayashi, ; Lindell et al., ; Ohta & Ohashi, ; Prati et al., ; Takuma, ;). While it is difficult to put exact numbers on the most common actions, it would be fair to say that a significant proportion of people undertake movement during shaking, either to take a few steps to another part of a room/building, or to evacuate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residents’ Reactions to Earthquake Early Warnings in Japan

et al. 2019

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This article empirically examines the effectiveness of earthquake early warning (EEW) in Japan based on experiences of residents who received warnings before earthquake shaking occurred. In Study 1, a survey (N = 299) was conducted to investigate residents’ experiences of, and reactions to, an EEW issued in Gunma and neighboring regions on June 17, 2018. The main results were as follows. (1) People's primary reactions to the EEW were mental, not physical, and thus motionless. Most residents stayed still, not for safety reasons, but because they were focusing on mentally bracing themselves. (2) Residents perceived the EEW to be effective because it enabled them to mentally prepare, rather than take physical protective actions, before strong shaking arrived. (3) In future, residents anticipate that on receipt of an EEW they would undertake mental preparation as opposed to physical protective actions. In Study 2, a survey (N = 450) was conducted on another EEW issued for an earthquake offshore of Chiba Prefecture on July 7, 2018. Results were in line with those of Study 1, suggesting that the findings described above are robust. Finally, given people's lack of impetus to undertake protective action on receipt of an EEW, this article discusses ways to enhance such actions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residents’ Reactions to Earthquake Early Warnings in Japan

et al. 2019

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“…In an early study, Alexander (1990) who both experienced and studied the 1980 M6.8 earthquake that affected the Italian regions of Basilicata, Campania and Puglia causing 2735 fatalities and approximately 9000 injuries, cited oral histories of 18 high school boys and his own experience of the earthquake and concluded that extreme fear and panic, a behavior upon which he later provides an expanded analysis (Alexander, 1995), characterized the emotional expression of most people in the impact area and that running from buildings was nearly universal. In a more recent observational study, Lambie et al (2017) analyzed closed circuit television video in a hospital environment during the 22 February 2011 Christchurch, New Zealand earthquake and found that the primary behaviors observed were for people to brace themselves and survey their immediate environment. Arnold et al (1982) interviewed office workers who were present at the Imperial County Services building during the 1979 Imperial Valley California earthquake (M6.5) and found that remaining in place or getting under a desk were the most frequently reported actions.…”

Section: Behavioral Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Earthquake ground motion and human behavior: Using DYFI data to assess behavioral response to earthquakes

et al. 2020

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Human behavioral response to ground motion produced by earthquakes has been the subject of response readiness campaigns like the Great ShakeOut, conventional wisdom regarding how people respond as portrayed in news media, a small but growing social science literature and, in earlier versions of the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale, one component of the assignment of intensities to earthquakes. This study drew on the extensive USGS “Did you feel it?” (DYFI) database to explore human behavioral response in 12 earthquakes that occurred between 2005 and 2018 in 8 countries. These earthquakes varied from moderate in magnitude to very large and destructive events. Some occurred in developed nations with extensive earthquake preparedness campaigns and advanced building codes and others in developing nations with almost no attention to the hazards posed by earthquakes and no seismic provisions in building codes. Our objective was to describe and analyze the behaviors reported by those who navigated to the DYFI site and reported how they responded.

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“…Flying objects and people falling during shaking are among the leading causes of injury during earthquakes in New Zealand (Johnston et al, 2014), rather than the more highly perceived risk of building collapse 8 (Johnson, Johnston, Ronan, & Peace, 2014). Despite this risk, evidence such as CCTV footage from the 2011 Christchurch earthquake suggests that few people take protective actions during shaking (Lambie et al, 2017). While this behaviour may not reflect a lack of knowledge of the correct actions, the adoption of those actions could be increased through practice such as behavioural drills (Ronan et al, 2008).…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While it is important for people to know the correct protective actions to take during earthquake shaking as this is necessary for this behaviour to be performed, it is also important to evaluate whether this knowledge translates to actual performance of the behaviour during real earthquakes. Earthquake shaking is an unsettling experience and often strong emotions such as fear and panic can lead to people not responding in the ways that they know they should (Lambie et al, 2017). As with Hypothesis 1, a chi-squared cross tabulation tested whether the use of "drop, cover, and hold" in a real earthquake differed between the Treatment and Control groups.…”

Section: Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the unpredictability of earthquakes, it would be impossible to observe participants' actual behaviour during real shaking even if resources were available for such intensive data collection. Previous research has used CCTV footage (e.g., Lambie et al, 2017), but this does not easily allow for establishing whether the individuals in the footage had participated in the drill. Self-reports are therefore commonly used; their inherent limitations are acknowledged but not considered as sufficient to undermine the findings.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Why do people prepare for natural hazards? An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to household preparation

Vinnell¹

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<p>Natural hazards impact millions of people globally and lead to billions of dollars of economic loss each year. New Zealand is one of many countries vulnerable to multiple natural hazards including earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruption, and high impact weather. Despite these well-known risks, many residents of the capital city of Wellington have taken few steps to be more prepared. This location, therefore, presented an appropriate population for the investigations within this thesis. Decades of social science research has identified a multitude of factors related to preparation behaviour. However, many of these factors, such as risk perception and previous experience of natural hazards, are difficult to manipulate successfully in broad public education campaigns. The first main aim of this thesis was therefore to identify thoughts and beliefs about preparing which predict people’s preparation behaviour, with the aim of identifying specific factors which can be efficiently and effectively targeted in campaigns encouraging preparation. This research was structured using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) which proposes a specific set of cognitions that affect intention formation as well as beliefs which inform those cognitions. In addition to using this model to structure the investigation, this thesis undertook several refinements and extensions to the model to address inconsistencies within TPB research. The intent of doing so was to provide a set of findings and a questionnaire which are not limited by those inconsistencies and which can be adapted for a range of behavioural contexts. Four empirical studies were carried out, involving a total of 2,298 participants from the general population. Study 1 tested the applicability of this theory to the context of natural disaster preparation and clarified the nature of that context. Using an online survey of 722 residents of the urban Wellington region, Study 1 demonstrated low levels of preparation, identified not “getting around to it” as a main barrier to preparation, and supported a more extensive application of the TPB with the factors explaining approximately 16% of the variance in intentions. Study 2 tested a full TPB questionnaire including both the two-factor distinction (splitting attitudes into instrumental and experiential, norms in descriptive and injunctive, and perceived behaviour control into controllability and self-efficacy) and belief components which are proposed to precede attitudes, norms, and control. This study used an online sample of 603 Wellington residents. All the cognitions within the theory except perceived descriptive norms were significantly associated with either past behaviour or intentions to prepare, explaining approximately 47% of the variance in intentions. This study also included an experimental framing manipulation, demonstrating benefits of referring to “natural hazard” preparation rather than “natural disaster” preparation. Study 3 concluded the development of the TPB questionnaire by assessing intentions, cognitions, and beliefs at one point in time and behaviour one month later to allow for stronger inferences about causality, with a sample of 61 participants across both time points. This study used a different recruitment method than the previous studies: posted survey invites using addresses randomly selected from the electoral roll. Although this method did not produce a more demographically representative sample than the recruitment method used in Studies 1 and 2 as intended, Study 3 reproduced the findings of the “natural hazard” condition in Study 2. Finally, this study identified several key beliefs related to preparing such as the belief that preparing helps people to get through a natural hazard event better, that people can make the effort to prepare, and that preparing can be fun and rewarding. These beliefs offer specific and tangible factors which can be efficiently addressed in public education campaigns. An intervention run previously by the New Zealand National Emergency Agency, the ShakeOut earthquake drill, was retrospectively evaluated in Study 4 by comparing those who did and those who did not participate (N = 480) using the TPB framework. Those who participated in the drill demonstrated better knowledge and use of the protective actions that are the focus of the drill than those who did not participate. Although this intervention was not informed by the findings of the previous studies, drill participants also demonstrated more positive scores for the TPB cognitions and intentions compared to non-participants, although more of the variance in intentions was explained for the latter (approximately 41%) than the former (approximately 31%). Overall, findings from the empirical studies support the recommendation for consistent inclusion of all tested refinements to the Theory of Planned Behaviour (i.e., the two-factor distinction, the inclusion of belief measures, and careful development of behavioural measures). This thesis represents a uniquely thorough test of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to natural hazard preparation with important implications for both the contextual value of the theory and how the theory is applied in research broadly. The research also supports previous findings of the importance of instrumental attitudes and self-efficacy for natural hazard preparation and contributed the novel factor of experiential attitudes as well as identifying new, specific beliefs to target in public education campaigns. These contributions to our understanding of why people prepare for natural hazards can be used to encourage more people in Wellington, in New Zealand, and globally to be more prepared.</p>

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Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) Earthquake Behaviour Coding Methodology: analysis of Christchurch Public Hospital video data from the 22 February Christchurch earthquake event

Cited by 29 publications

References 27 publications

Residents’ Reactions to Earthquake Early Warnings in Japan

Residents’ Reactions to Earthquake Early Warnings in Japan

Earthquake ground motion and human behavior: Using DYFI data to assess behavioral response to earthquakes

Why do people prepare for natural hazards? An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to household preparation

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