Closed and Semi-closed Systems in Agriculture

Hadavi, E.; Ghazijahani, Noushin

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99076-7_10

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…However, in multi-layer cultivation, establishing a stable air flow with thermal uniformity becomes challenging due to the narrow spacing between the growth shelves and the complexity of the structure. Therefore, research addressing the internal environmental uniformity in plant factories is crucial [2][3][4][15][16][17]. Studies on the aerodynamic approaches of plant factories have been conducted to enhance productivity through structural analysis [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of Environmental Uniformity in a Seedling Plant Factory with Porous Panels Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Lee,

Seo,

et al. 2023

Horticulturae

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A seedling plant factory requires precise environmental control to ensure uniform growth within a limited cultivation period. A porous panel exhaust system was installed to maintain a stable and uniform internal environment. To provide optimal temperature, humidity, and airflow, it is necessary to interpret the internal aerodynamics. However, field monitoring has limitations in analyzing the invisible flow patterns. To overcome this limitation, CFD simulations can be utilized to understand internal environmental conditions and uniformity. The objective of this paper is to develop and validate a CFD model of a seedling plant factory with a porous panel for improving the uniformity of the internal environment. Multiple data loggers were evenly installed at various locations inside the seedling plant factory, and 24 h field monitoring was conducted. The average temperature and humidity during the 16 h light period and 8 h dark period were maintained within 1% of the set values, while the regional temperature deviation had an average of 1.65 °C and a maximum of 2.63 °C. The regional humidity deviation had an average of 14.1% and a maximum of 23.8%. The CFD model was designed to analyze the internal environmental uniformity after validation by comparing it with the field monitoring data. The Realizable k-ε turbulence model, which exhibited an error of 4.0% in comparison with the field data, was selected through a validation test among four different turbulence models with the same configuration of the seedling plant factory. The CFD simulation results were interpreted quantitatively and qualitatively, focusing on the airflow, temperature, and humidity distributions caused by the air conditioner and humidifier. Variations in the average temperature of up to 0.5 degrees and velocity differences of 0.28 m/s were observed depending on the location of the cultivation shelves. The locations and causes of stagnant regions resulting from the airflow patterns were identified through the simulations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of Environmental Uniformity in a Seedling Plant Factory with Porous Panels Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Lee,

Seo,

et al. 2023

Horticulturae

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“…Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 28 reach its full impact, then, this linear resource use needs to become more circular (Figure 1b); CEA needs to move towards a closed-loop or semi closed-loop farming approach. Hadavi and Ghazijahani [22] define closed agricultural systems as, "any type of environment in which plants are cultured and/or maintained in a restricted space, where free exchange of mass and/or energy between the system's interior and exterior are restricted". Food security, year round market demand, quality planting material production, and the prospects of colonizing extra-terrestrial environments has fuelled the development of closed agricultural systems [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dickson Despommier [24], who coined the term and popularized vertical farming, envisioned it as an ecosystem that handles its own waste by recycling and repurposing, just as nature does. Closed agriculture systems reduces fuel consumption, water usage, and waste generation, but there is much room for improvement [22,25]. Implementing a closed-loop approach can increase resource use efficiency and sustainability of urban farming systems [8,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although composting is used to manage urban organic waste to some extent, a majority of the urban organic waste in industrialized nations is landfilled [29]. However, with the rapid urbanization and shifting trends, Hadavi and Ghazijahani [22] define closed agricultural systems as, "any type of environment in which plants are cultured and/or maintained in a restricted space, where free exchange of mass and/or energy between the system's interior and exterior are restricted". Food security, year round market demand, quality planting material production, and the prospects of colonizing extra-terrestrial environments has fuelled the development of closed agricultural systems [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, with the rapid urbanization and shifting trends, Hadavi and Ghazijahani [22] define closed agricultural systems as, "any type of environment in which plants are cultured and/or maintained in a restricted space, where free exchange of mass and/or energy between the system's interior and exterior are restricted". Food security, year round market demand, quality planting material production, and the prospects of colonizing extra-terrestrial environments has fuelled the development of closed agricultural systems [22,23]. Dickson Despommier [24], who coined the term and popularized vertical farming, envisioned it as an ecosystem that handles its own waste by recycling and repurposing, just as nature does.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Conceptual Framework for Incorporation of Composting in Closed-Loop Urban Controlled Environment Agriculture

et al. 2021

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Controlled environment agriculture (CEA), specifically advanced greenhouses, plant factories, and vertical farms, has a significant role to play in the urban agri-food landscape through provision of fresh and nutritious food for urban populations. With the push towards improving sustainability of these systems, a circular or closed-loop approach for managing resources is desirable. These crop production systems generate biowaste in the form of crop and growing substrate residues, the disposal of which not only impacts the immediate environment, but also represents a loss of valuable resources. Closing the resource loop through composting of crop residues and urban biowaste is presented. Composting allows for the recovery of carbon dioxide and plant nutrients that can be reused as inputs for crop production, while also providing a mechanism for managing and valorizing biowastes. A conceptual framework for integrating carbon dioxide and nutrient recovery through composting in a CEA system is described along with potential environmental benefits over conventional inputs. Challenges involved in the recovery and reuse of each component, as well as possible solutions, are discussed. Supplementary technologies such as biofiltration, bioponics, ozonation, and electrochemical oxidation are presented as means to overcome some operational challenges. Gaps in research are identified and future research directions are proposed.

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Healthier and Sustainable Food Systems: Integrating Underutilised Crops in a ‘Theory of Change Approach’

Pinto

Ferreira²,

Santos³

et al. 2022

Biodiversity, Functional Ecosystems and Sustainable Food Production

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Closed and Semi-closed Systems in Agriculture

Cited by 6 publications

References 44 publications

Improvement of Environmental Uniformity in a Seedling Plant Factory with Porous Panels Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Improvement of Environmental Uniformity in a Seedling Plant Factory with Porous Panels Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

A Conceptual Framework for Incorporation of Composting in Closed-Loop Urban Controlled Environment Agriculture

Healthier and Sustainable Food Systems: Integrating Underutilised Crops in a ‘Theory of Change Approach’

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