The genes coding for the ribosomal proteins (rp genes) L14 and L1 in the toad Xenopus laevis are contacted in the first exon by the frog protein, FIII/YY1, homolog of the human zinc-finger protein YY1, acting as repressor, activator and initiator of transcription. To investigate the functional significance of FIII/YY1 in the context of the two rp genes, the L14 region at nucleotide positions Ϫ105 to ϩ44, including all of the first exon was linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene; constructs with wild-type and mutated sites for FIII/YY1 were injected into nuclei of stage VϪVI oocytes and analyzed for CAT activity. The same procedure was followed for constructs made with L1 sequences at nucleotide positions Ϫ17 to ϩ1567. Mutations in the sites for FIII/YY1 did not change reporter activity, nor did overexpression of FIII/YY1 in the oocytes prior to injection with L1 and L14 constructs. Since oocytes are non-dividing cells, transfections were made of Xenopus kidney cells in culture with the same constructs and the results obtained in oocytes confirmed.Keywords : Xenopus laevis; ribosomal protein L1; ribosomal protein L14; YY1; FIII/YY1.The genes coding for vertebrate ribosomal proteins share some structural features: in general, they lack a canonical TATA box and the initiation of transcription is inside a run of consecutive pyrimidine residues. Common to a number of ribosomal protein genes (rp genes) is also the presence of a consensus binding site for the multifunctional factor YY1 in a position internal to the gene, often close to the ATG sequence for the initiator methionine residue. YY1 is a zinc-finger DNA-binding protein expressed in most, if not all, cell types. The human [1] and murine [2Ϫ4] cDNAs have been cloned during studies of transcriptional regulation. YY1 represses transcription in a variety of cellular and viral promoters [5,6], but acts as an activator when located near the site for initiation of transcription [7Ϫ9].In Xenopus laevis it was confirmed [10], by methylationinterference analysis, that the consensus sites in the first exon of L1 and L14 ribosomal protein genes are indeed contacted by the frog homolog, FIII/YY1, present in oocyte nuclei or overexpressed in oocytes by the cloned cDNA [10].Our previous studies of the untranscribed region of the X. laevis L14 rp gene promoter evidenced the importance of Sp1 and of XrpFI (the homolog of rat GABP A and β heterodimer [11]) for the expression of the gene in oocyte nuclei and in Hela cells [12,13]. When the upstream region with the Sp1 site atCorrespondence to E. Beccari, Centro di Studio per gli Acidi Nucleici CNR, Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy Phone: ϩ39 6 49912337. Fax: ϩ39 6 49912500. E-mail: beccarie@axrma.uniroma1.it Abbreviations. CAT, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; GST, glutathione S-transferase; RSV, Rous sarcoma virus ; CMV, cytomegalovirus; luc, luciferase ; rp, ribosomal protein.Note. The L1 and L14 Xenopus laevis ri...