Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Mouse Enamelysin

Caterina, John J.; Shi, Joanne; Sun, Xiaoling; Qin, Qian; Yamada, Susan S.; Liu, Y; Krakora, S.; Bartlett, John D.; Yamada, Yoshihiko; Engler, Jeffrey A.; Birkedal‐Hansen, Henning; Simmer, James P.

doi:10.1177/00220345000790091001

Cited by 33 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Although a number of comparisons have been performed in order to characterize similarities or distinctions in morphology [Schilke et al, 2000;Reis et al, 2004;Fonseca et al, 2008], physiology [Schmalz et al, 2001] and mechanical structure [Hara et al, 2003;Wegehaupt et al, 2008] between bovine and human dentine, very few stud-ies have dedicated enough attention to determine the similarity or distinctiveness of the biochemical behavior of organic components present in human versus bovine dentine matrix. For instance, only a few studies have compared the profile of MMPs in human and bovine enamel matrix [DenBesten et al, 1989;Caterina et al, 2000;Zhu et al, 2008], with nonconclusive findings.…”

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Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Bovine versus Human Dentine

et al. 2011

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Metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated with metabolism of collagen in physiological and pathological processes in human dentine. As bovine teeth have been used as a substitute for human teeth in laboratory analysis, this study evaluated the activity of MMP-2 and -9 in bovine versus human dentine. Bovine and human dentine fragments, from crowns and roots, were powderized. Protein extraction was performed by two protocols: a neutral extraction with guanidine-HCl/EDTA (pH 7.4) and an acidic extraction with citric acid (pH 2.3). Gelatinolytic activities of extracts were revealed by zymography. MMP-2 and -9 were detected in crown and root dentine from bovine and human teeth. Total activities of MMP-2 were 11.4 ± 2.2, 14.6 ± 2.0, 9.7 ± 1.2 and 12.4 ± 0.9 ng/ml for bovine root, human root, bovine crown and human crown dentine, respectively. Corresponding activities for MMP-9 were 14.9 ± 2.0, 15.3 ± 1.3, 15.4 ± 1.3 and 15.5 ± 1.3 ng/ml, respectively. Bovine dentine was found to be a reliable substrate for studies involving the activity of MMP-2 and -9.

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Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Bovine versus Human Dentine

et al. 2011

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“…Enamelysin is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family, and its mRNA has been cloned from pig (20), human (21), cow (22), and mouse (23). Enamelysin is secreted into the enamel matrix during the secretory stage through transition stage of enamel development (24 -27).…”

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Enamelysin (Matrix Metalloproteinase 20)-deficient Mice Display an Amelogenesis Imperfecta Phenotype

Caterina¹,

Skobe²,

Shi³

et al. 2002

Journal of Biological Chemistry

237

243

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Enamelysin is a tooth-specific matrix metalloproteinase that is expressed during the early through middle stages of enamel development. The enamel matrix proteins amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin are also expressed during this same approximate developmental time period, suggesting that enamelysin may play a role in their hydrolysis. In support of this interpretation, recombinant enamelysin was previously demonstrated to cleave recombinant amelogenin at virtually all of the precise sites known to occur in vivo. Thus, enamelysin is likely an important amelogenin-processing enzyme. To characterize the in vivo biological role of enamelysin during tooth development, we generated an enamelysindeficient mouse by gene targeting. Although mice heterozygous for the mutation have no apparent phenotype, the enamelysin null mouse has a severe and profound tooth phenotype. Specifically, the null mouse does not process amelogenin properly, possesses an altered enamel matrix and rod pattern, has hypoplastic enamel that delaminates from the dentin, and has a deteriorating enamel organ morphology as development progresses. Our findings demonstrate that enamelysin activity is essential for proper enamel development.Dental enamel covers the crown of the tooth and is unique among mineralized tissues because of its high mineral content, large crystals, and organized prism pattern. Other mineralized tissues such as bone, dentin, and cementum are composed of ϳ20% organic material. In contrast, mature enamel has less than 1% organic matter by weight (1, 2). Moreover, enamel crystallites possess a volume that is 100 times greater than the volume of crystallites found in other mineralizing tissues. These enamel crystallites form enamel rods that, in turn, form a unique interlacing (decussating) prism pattern. As a result, dental enamel is the hardest substance in the body. Its hardness is intermediate between that of iron and carbon steel, yet it also has a high elasticity (3).Although mature enamel is a very hard protein-free tissue, it does not start this way. Enamel development (amelogenesis) consists of several stages that include the secretory, transition, and maturation stages. During the secretory stage, enamel crystallites elongate into long thin ribbons that are only a few apatitic unit cells in thickness (about 10 nm) with a width of ϳ30 nm (4, 5). The ribbons are evenly spaced, are oriented parallel to each other, and grow in length but very little in width and thickness. Ultimately, enamel crystal length determines the final thickness of the enamel layer as a whole (for review, see Ref. 6). It is during the secretory stage that the columnar-shaped ameloblast cells, located adjacent to the forming enamel, secrete specialized enamel proteins into the enamel matrix. These proteins include amelogenin (7), ameloblastin (8), and enamelin (9). Amelogenin is the predominant component and comprises ϳ90% of total enamel matrix protein (10). Interestingly, the full-length enamel proteins are found only at the mineralizing front, su...

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“…Enamelysin, one of the newer members of the family, was initially cloned from a porcine enamel organ cDNA library (2). Later human, bovine, and mouse homologues were isolated (4,5,10). Enamelysin has thus far shown an expression pattern restricted to ameloblasts and odontoblasts of developing teeth (2-4, 6, 10).…”

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confidence: 99%