Cloning and mapping of a cDNA for methionine synthase reductase, a flavoprotein defective in patients with homocystinuria

Abstract

Methionine synthase catalyzes the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine via a reaction in which methylcobalamin serves as an intermediate methyl carrier. Over time, the cob(I)alamin cofactor of methionine synthase becomes oxidized to cob(II)alamin rendering the enzyme inactive. Regeneration of functional enzyme requires reductive methylation via a reaction in which S-adenosylmethionine is utilized as a methyl donor. Patients of the cblE complementation group of disorders of folate͞cobalamin metabolism who are defective in reductive activation of methionine synthase exhibit megaloblastic anemia, developmental delay, hyperhomocysteinemia, and hypomethioninemia. Using consensus sequences to predicted binding sites for FMN, FAD, and NADPH, we have cloned a cDNA corresponding to the ''methionine synthase reductase'' reducing system required for maintenance of the methionine synthase in a functional state. The gene MTRR has been localized to chromosome 5p15.2-15.3. A predominant mRNA of 3.6 kb is detected by Northern blot analysis. The deduced protein is a novel member of the FNR family of electron transferases, containing 698 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 77,700. It shares 38% identity with human cytochrome P450 reductase and 43% with the C. elegans putative methionine synthase reductase. The authenticity of the cDNA sequence was confirmed by identification of mutations in cblE patients, including a 4-bp frameshift in two affected siblings and a 3-bp deletion in a third patient. The cloning of the cDNA will permit the diagnostic characterization of cblE patients and investigation of the potential role of polymorphisms of this enzyme as a risk factor in hyperhomocysteinemia-linked vascular disease.Methionine is an essential amino acid in mammals. It is required for protein synthesis and is a central player in one carbon metabolism. In its activated form, S-adenosylmethionine, it is the methyl donor in hundreds of biological transmethylation reactions and the donor of propylamine in polyamine synthesis. The eventual product of the demethylation of methionine is homocysteine and its remethylation is catalyzed by a cobalamin-dependent enzyme, methionine synthase (1, 2).The enzyme-bound cobalamin cofactor of methionine synthase plays an essential role in the methyl transfer reaction by acting as an intermediate methyl carrier between methyltetrahydrofolate and homocysteine (Fig. 1A). Cleavage of the methyl-cobalt bond of the methylcob(III)alamin intermediate occurs heterolytically so as to leave the cobalamin in the highly reactive cob(I)alamin oxidation state (3). During the cycling between methylcob(III)alamin and cob(I)alamin, the cofactor may be oxidized to cob(II)alamin with consequent inactivation of the enzyme. The restoration of enzyme activity is dependent on the reductive methylation of cob(II)alamin in a reaction in which S-adenosylmethionine provides the methyl group (4).The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefor...

Concept mapping One-Carbon Metabolism to model future ontologies for nutrient–gene–phenotype interactions

“…The gene-specific maps highlighted in this paper have strong interactions with nutrients known to be essential for the OCM pathway (Hall and Finkler 1965;Leclerc et al 1998;Sauberlich 1980). Because these genes are integral parts of OCM, alterations in genetic information are thought to affect utilization of nutrients such as cobalamin, Fig.…”

Metabolic derangement of methionine and folate metabolism in mice deficient in methionine synthase reductase

“…The human methionine synthase reductase gene was identified by predicting functional sites based on the orthologous E. coli reducing system and then searching for homology to protein sequences harboring similar active sites. The identity of the deduced gene was confirmed by detection of mutations in methionine synthase reductase in cblE patients [20]. Human patients with inherited syndromes of impaired methionine synthase activity caused by defective methionine synthase reductase are characterized by elevated plasma total homocysteine or hyperhomocyst (e)inemia, decreased plasma methionine, megaloblastic anemia and delayed development, as well as a variety of other neurological ailments, including neuropathy, movement disorders, nystagmus, seizures and dementia [21][22][23][24][25].…”

No association between MTHFR A1298C and MTRR A66G polymorphisms, and MS in an Australian cohort

“…The cobalamin cofactor cycles between cob(I)alamin and methylcob(III)alamin. Cob(I)alamin is a strong reductant and over time becomes oxidised to produce an inactive cob(II)alamin form of methionine synthase [5]. MTRR plays a critical role in maintaining cobalamin in an active form and is consequently an important determinant of total plasma Hcy (pHcy) concentration.…”