Cloning and Embryo Splitting in Mammalians: Brief History, Methods, and Achievements

Abstract

Embryo splitting is one of the newest developed methods in reproductive biotechnology. In this method, after splitting embryos in 2-, 4-, and even 8-cell stages, every single blastomere can be developed separately, but the embryos are genetically identical. Embryo splitting, as an approach in reproductive cloning, is extensively employed in reproductive medicine studies, such as investigating human diseases, treating sterility, embryo donation, and gene therapy. In the present study, cloning in mammalians and cloning approaches are briefly reviewed. In addition, embryo splitting and the methods commonly used in embryo splitting and recent achievements in this field, as well as the applications of embryo splitting into livestock species, primate animals, and humans, are outlined. Finally, a perspective of embryo splitting is provided as the conclusion.

Apoptotic, cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from nettle leaf

“…Silver nanoparticles (Ameen & Al‐Homaidan, 2022) have been increasingly used in different fields such as new generation catalysts (Wang et al, 2019; Zeng et al, 2020), antibacterial textiles and wastewater treatment, and so forth (Barani et al, 2022; Rao, Nandhini, et al, 2018). New developments in novel science (Jalil et al, 2022; Moghadasi et al, 2021; Rahbaran et al, 2021) strategy (Hou et al, 2022; Wang, Gao, et al, 2022; Xie et al, 2022), and innovative technology (Vakili‐Samiani et al, 2021; Zhang et al, 2021) especially in cancer (Feng et al, 2021; Jalil, Kadhum, et al, 2021; Marofi, Rahman, et al, 2021), infection (Jalil et al, 2020; LL, 2020; Saleh et al, 2020; Widjaja et al, 2021), sanitation and environment sciences (Ghaffar et al, 2022; Sarjito et al, 2021; Widjaja, Doewes, et al, 2022) have significant impact on life (Jamali et al, 2019; Widjaja, Jalil, et al, 2022; Xu et al, 2022) and health (Hussein et al, 2022; Kazemi Rad et al, 2019; Marofi, Abdul‐Rasheed, et al, 2021).…”

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“…In addition, melatonin has a positive impact on the oxidative stress parameters, leading to a notable increase in serum SOD activity and total serum antioxidant capacity and may control the atherogenic index to influence cholesterol metabolism and control antioxidant activity with GSH and SOD [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Antioxidants are any chemical (molecule, compound, or enzyme) that has a substantial antioxidant effect.…”

State of the art of nuclear transfer technologies for assisting mammalian reproduction

“…The first evidence of an artificial generation of two genetically identical individuals was reported in the '80s (Sander, 1997). Subsequently, embryo bisection was introduced in veterinary medicine, but the low reproducibility and embryo viability after bisection still impede its commercial use (Rahbaran et al, 2021). If embryo viability is maintained after its division, this technology might potentially increase the final number of embryos and, therefore, the chance of a successful pregnancy (Illmensee et al, 2011).…”