Cloning and characterization of an Mx gene and its corresponding promoter from the zebrafish, Danio rerio

Expression regulation and functional characterization of a novel interferon inducible gene Gig2 and its promoter

“…Recently the typical ISRE motifs in fish Mx promoters have been confirmed essential for Mx induction by Poly I:C (Ooi et al, 2006;Yap et al, 2003) and IFN (Altmann et al, 2004;Castro et al, 2008). In the current study, luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that the Gig2 promoter is inducible by Poly I:C in CAB cells.…”

“…However, the distal ISRE of human MxA is nonfunctional for IFN induction due to the three nucleotides interspaced between two GAAA sequences (Ronni et al, 1998), since the number and type of nucleotides between and flanking GAAA sequences in the ISRE seem to determine the binding specificity (Lin et al, 2000). Interestingly, variable number of ISREs is found in Mx promoters from different species, such as only one in rainbow trout (Collet and Secombes, 2001), two in Japanese flounder, fugu and zebrafish (Altmann et al, 2004;Ooi et al, 2006;Yap et al, 2003).…”

“…This shows that the 5 flanking region cloned is a strong promoter, and negative regulatory structures might be lack in the promoter construct. Occurrence of basal expression due to leakiness of transcription is often seen in promoter-reporter assays, such as in fish type I IFN responsive promoters (Altmann et al, 2004;Plant and Thune, 2008) and IFN-␥ responsive promoters (Castro et al, 2008).…”

“…IFN-␥ molecules follow a similar pathway, but in this case, two STAT1 molecules dimerize to form a homodimer and bind to specific ␥-IFN activating sites (GAS) present in the promoters of IFN-␥ inducible genes (Platanias, 2005). Some fish ISGs have been verified to have typical ISRE motifs in their promoters, such as Mx (Altmann et al, 2004;Chen et al, 2006;Collet and Secombes, 2001;Ooi et al, 2006;Plant and Thune, 2008;Yap et al, 2003), IRFs (Collet et al, 2003;Collet and Secombes, 2002;Jia and Guo, 2008), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes (Dijkstra et al, 2003;Jorgensen et al, 2006), vig-2 (Boudinot et al, 2001), and ISG15 (Seppola et al, 2007), suggesting the existence of type I IFN inducible pathways in fish. Functional analysis showed that fish Mx promoters possess one or two ISRE motifs that appear necessary for its transcriptional regulation under exposure of Poly I:C (Ooi et al, 2006;Yap et al, 2003).…”

Enhanced grass carp reovirus resistance of Mx-transgenic rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus)

“…An important downstream effector of IFN is the Mx (myxovirus resistance) gene, which is activated solely through this pathway [1]. Mx proteins form a distinct subclass of the dynamin superfamily of large guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) known to be involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking and organelle homeostasis.…”