Clonality and Diversity of the Fish Pathogen
            <i>Lactococcus garvieae</i>
            in Mediterranean Countries

Eyngor, Marina; Zlotkin, Amir; Ghittino, Claudio; Prearo, Marino; Douet, Diane-Gaëlle; Chilmonczyk, Stéfan; Eldar, Avi

doi:10.1128/aem.70.9.5132-5137.2004

Cited by 75 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In general, the highly clonal nature of Yersinia ruckeri isolates responsible for ERM in rainbow trout, as shown by this and other studies (Pyle et al 1987, Davies 1991a, Garcia et al 1998, is similar to that observed for other significant bacterial pathogens of farmed fish (Grayson et al 1999, Eyngor et al 2004, Reid et al 2004, Nash et al 2006. Although the isolates analysed were geographically biased and, in many cases, nonrandomly selected (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Yersinia ruckeri biotype 2 isolates from mainland Europe and the UK likely represent different clonal groups

Wheeler

Davies²,

Dalsgaard³

et al. 2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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There have been increased reports of outbreaks of enteric redmouth disease (ERM) caused by Yersinia ruckeri in previously vaccinated salmonids in Europe, with some of these outbreaks being attributed to emergent non-motile, Tween 80-negative, biotype 2 isolates. To gain information about their likely origins and relationships, a geographically and temporally diverse collection of isolates were characterised by serotyping, biotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and outer membrane protein (OMP) profiling. A total of 44 pulsotypes were identified from 160 isolates by PFGE, using the restriction enzyme Not I. Serotype O1 isolates responsible for ERM in rainbow trout in both the US and Europe, and including biotype 2 isolates, represented a distinct subgroup of similar pulsotypes. Biotype 2 isolates, responsible for outbreaks of the disease in rainbow trout in the UK, Denmark and Spain, had different pulsotypes, suggesting that they represented different clones that may have emerged separately. Danish biotype 2 isolates recovered since 1995 were indistinguishable by PFGE from the dominant biotype 1 clone responsible for the majority of outbreaks in Denmark and the rest of mainland Europe. In contrast, US biotype 2 isolate YRNC10 had an identical pulsotype and OMP profile to UK biotype 2 isolates, suggesting that there had been exchange of these isolates between the UK and the US in the past. UK Atlantic salmon isolates were genetically and serologically diverse, with 12 distinct pulsotypes identified among 32 isolates.KEY WORDS: Yersinia ruckeri · Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis · PFGE · Enteric redmouth disease · ERM · Biotype · Emerging strain Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 84: [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] 2009 monovalent killed whole cell commercial vaccines, generally based on the Hagerman type strain (Horne & Barnes 1999). However, reports of ERM vaccine breakdown have emerged in Europe and the USA, which are attributed to biotype 2 (Tween 80-negative, nonmotile) isolates of Y. ruckeri (Austin et al. 2003, Fouz et al. 2006, Arias et al. 2007. Biotype 2 isolates were first described as having caused the disease in UK rainbow trout by Davies & Frerichs (1989).Farmers have also reported increasing mortalities due to yersiniosis of UK Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (L.); however, there are limited published studies regarding yersiniosis of this species (Bullock et al. 1976, Bruno & Munro 1989. Nevertheless, farmed Atlantic salmon fry in the major production areas of Europe (Scotland, Ireland and Norway) and Chile are routinely vaccinated with commercial rainbow trout ERM vaccines or autologous preparations (Bravo & Midtlyng 2007, L. A. Laidler pers. comm.). In Chile alone, up to 140 million salmon yr -1 were vaccinated against yersiniosis between and 2003(Bravo & Midtlyng 2007.Yersinia ruckeri is a highly clonal and biochemically homogeneous species (Schill et al. 1984, Stevenson & Airdrie 1984, Daly et al. 1986, Pyle et al...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Yersinia ruckeri biotype 2 isolates from mainland Europe and the UK likely represent different clonal groups

Wheeler

Davies²,

Dalsgaard³

et al. 2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…In contrast, the bacterial strains isolated from raw milk, cheese and bovine mastitis show a quite heterogeneous distribution of the subtracted sequences which makes them difficult to classify in a clearly defined gene profile. The fact that genetic homogeneity of this pathogen exists in certain geographical areas or hosts where the disease is endemic has been proposed to be due to a clonal evolution of the bacterial population in such circumstances (Eyngor et al, 2004). In contrast, no evolutionary process would have taken place in hosts or geographical areas where the presence of L. garvieae is sporadic, leading to the maintenance of a genetic diversity of the pathogen (Eyngor et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fact that genetic homogeneity of this pathogen exists in certain geographical areas or hosts where the disease is endemic has been proposed to be due to a clonal evolution of the bacterial population in such circumstances (Eyngor et al, 2004). In contrast, no evolutionary process would have taken place in hosts or geographical areas where the presence of L. garvieae is sporadic, leading to the maintenance of a genetic diversity of the pathogen (Eyngor et al, 2004). The selective pressure of different vaccine strategies in countries with a long history of lactococcosis has been also hypothesized to have caused the evolution of an ancestral common lineage into two different ones (Ravelo et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to this, L. garvieae is considered as a potential zoonotic micro-organism, although its incidence in this sense has still not been demonstrated (Vendrell et al, 2006). During recent years, various typing methods have been applied to the study of genetic variation among L. garvieae populations, including biotyping (Eldar et al, 1999;Vela et al, 2000), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR (Foschino et al, 2008;Ravelo et al, 2003), Sau-PCR and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) (Foschino et al, 2008), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) ribotyping and serotyping (Eldar et al, 1999;Eyngor et al, 2004), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing (Kawanishi et al, 2005;Vela et al, 2000) and amplified rRNA gene restriction analysis (ARDRA) (Michel et al, 2007). These molecular typing approaches, although providing valuable information, have some disadvantages such as the necessity for specific equipment (PFGE) and the lack of reproducibility (PFGE) and portability (RAPD).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of suppressive subtractive hybridization to the identification of genetic differences between two Lactococcus garvieae strains showing distinct differences in virulence for rainbow trout and mouse

et al. 2011

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Lactococcus garvieae is the causative microbial agent of lactococcosis, an important and damaging fish disease in aquaculture. This bacterium has also been isolated from vegetables, milk, cheese, meat and sausages, from cow and buffalo as a mastitis agent, and even from humans, as an opportunistic infectious agent. In this work pathogenicity experiments were performed in rainbow trout and mouse models with strains isolated from human (L. garvieae HF) and rainbow trout (L. garvieae UNIUDO74; henceforth referred to as 074). The mean LD 50 value in rainbow trout obtained for strain 074 was 2.1¾10 2 ±84 per fish. High doses of the bacteria caused specific signs of disease as well as histological alterations in mice. In contrast, strain HF did not prove to be pathogenic either for rainbow trout or for mice. Based on these virulence differences, two suppressive subtractive hybridizations were carried out to identify unique genetic sequences present in L. garvieae HF (SSHI) and L. garvieae 074 (SSHII). Differential dot-blot screening of the subtracted libraries allowed the identification of 26 and 13 putative ORFs specific for L. garvieae HF and L. garvieae 074, respectively. Additionally, a PCR-based screening of 12 of the 26 HF-specific putative ORFs and the 13 074-specific ones was conducted to identify their presence/absence in 25 L. garvieae strains isolated from different origins and geographical areas. This study demonstrates the existence of genetic heterogeneity within L. garvieae isolates and provides a more complete picture of the genetic background of this bacterium. INTRODUCTIONLactococcus garvieae is a ubiquitous and widely distributed bacterium. It is known mainly for being the aetiological agent of lactococcosis, an important fish infection which causes great economic losses in the aquaculture industry worldwide. Many cultured fish species including rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) and black rockfish (Sebastes sp.) are affected by this Grampositive bacterium. Besides cultured fish, the bacterium has been isolated from fermented fish products (Kopermsub & Yunchalard, 2010; Paludan-Müller et al., 2002), dairy products from raw milk of different ruminants (Villani et al., 2001), vegetables (Kawanishi et al., 2007, cheeses (Alegría et al., 2009;El-Baradei et al., 2007;Fló rez & Mayo, 2006;Fortina et al., 2007), meat and sausages (Ammor et al., 2004;Barakat et al., 2000; Dàvila et al., 2006;Rantsiou et al., 2005), cows and buffaloes with mastitis (Carvalho et al., 1997;Devriese et al., 1999;Teixeira et al., 1996), cat and dog tonsils (Pot et al., 1996), and even humans, as a component of the intestinal biota (Kubota et al., 2010), and as an opportunistic pathogen (Aubin et al., 2011; Chan et al., 2011;Elliott et al., 1991;Fefer et al., 1998;Fihman et al., 2006;Furutan et al., 1991 (Michel et al., 2007). These molecular typing approaches, although providing valuable information, have some disadvantages such as the neces...

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“…There are eight recognized Lactococcus species and subspecies (1 (15)(16)(17). Increasing rates of infection with rising water temperatures (>16 ) typically during summer months has also been reported (15 …”

Section: Produced Lactic Acid From the Fermentation Of Carbohydrates mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactococcus garvieae Endocarditis with Initial Presentation of Acute Cerebral Infarction in a Healthy Immunocompetent Man

Chen

Wann

et al. 2008

Intern. Med.

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Clonality and Diversity of the Fish Pathogen Lactococcus garvieae in Mediterranean Countries

Cited by 75 publications

References 24 publications

Yersinia ruckeri biotype 2 isolates from mainland Europe and the UK likely represent different clonal groups

Yersinia ruckeri biotype 2 isolates from mainland Europe and the UK likely represent different clonal groups

Application of suppressive subtractive hybridization to the identification of genetic differences between two Lactococcus garvieae strains showing distinct differences in virulence for rainbow trout and mouse

Lactococcus garvieae Endocarditis with Initial Presentation of Acute Cerebral Infarction in a Healthy Immunocompetent Man

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