Clonal Karyotype Evolution Involving Ring Chromosome 1 with Myelodysplastic Syndrome Subtype RAEB-t Progressing into Acute Leukemia

Abstract

Karyotypic evolution is a well-known phenomenon in patients with malignant hematological disorders during disease progression. We describe a 50-year-old male patient who had originally presented with pancytopenia in October 1992. The diagnosis of a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) FAB subtype RAEB-t was established in April 1993 by histological bone marrow (BM) examination, and therapy with low-dose cytosine arabinoside was initiated. In a phase of partial hematological remission, cytogenetic assessment in August 1993 revealed a ring chromosome 1 in 13 of 21 metaphases beside BM cells with normal karyotypes [46,XY,r(1)(p35q31)/46,XY]. One month later, the patient progressed to an acute myeloid leukemia (AML), subtype M4 with 40% BM blasts and cytogenetic examination showed clonal evolution by the appearance of additional numerical aberrations in addition to the ring chromosome [46,XY,r(1),+8,–21/45,XY,r(1),+8,–21,–22/46, XY]. Intensive chemotherapy and radiotherapy was applied to induce remission in preparation for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from the patient’s HLA-compatible son. After BMT, complete remission was clinically, hematologically and cytogenetically (normal male karyotype) confirmed. A complete hematopoietic chimerism was demonstrated. A relapse in January 1997 was successfully treated using donor lymphocyte infusion and donor peripheral blood stem cells (PB-SC) in combination with GM-CSF as immunostimulating agent in April 1997, and the patient’s clinical condition remained stable as of January 2005. This is an interesting case of a patient with AML secondary to MDS. With the ring chromosome 1 we also describe a rare cytogenetic abnormality that predicted the poor prognosis of the patient, but the patient could be cured by adoptive immunotherapy and the application of donor’s PB-SC. This case confirms the value of cytogenetic analysis in characterizing the malignant clone in hematological neoplasias, the importance of controlling the quality of an induced remission and of the detection of a progress of the disease.

Cytogenetic follow-up by karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization: implications for monitoring patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and deletion 5q treated with lenalidomide

“…In most patients, clonal evolution was associated with leukemic progression as described previously. 5,22,23 In these patients, chromosomal instability leading to clonal evolution seems to be the driving force behind the expansion of tumor cell populations. 24 In conclusion, to optimize monitoring of myelodysplastic syndrome patients with del(5q) treated with lenalidomide and to detect cytogenetic non-response, cytogenetic relapse or clonal evolution as early as possible, FISH alone is not adequate for evaluation.…”