“…However, there is still a need for evaluation of the impact of these ratios on scheduling performance (Aiken et al, 2002; Institute of Medicine, 2004). General nurse planning and scheduling issues have been addressed recently as well as including nurse workload (Adams‐Wendling, 2003), patient care (Aiken, Clarke, Sloane, & Silber, 2003; Clarke, 2004; Curtin, 2003), and the reasons why nursing managers change staffing levels (Carter, 2004). Gardner and Gemme (2003) advocate the need for more complex staffing solutions using optimization techniques with real‐time data.…”