CLM5-FruitTree: a new sub-model for deciduous fruit trees in the Community Land Model (CLM5)

Abstract

Abstract. The inclusion of perennial, woody crops in land surface models (LSMs) is crucial for addressing their role in carbon (C) sequestration, food production, and water requirements under climate change. To help quantify the biogeochemical and biogeophysical processes associated with these agroecosystems, we developed and tested a new sub-model, CLM5-FruitTree, for deciduous fruit orchards within the framework of the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5). The model development included (1) a new perennial crop phenology description, (2) an adapted C and nitrogen allocation scheme, considering both storage and photosynthetic growth of annual and perennial plant organs, (3) typical management practices associated with fruit orchards, and (4) the parameterization of an apple plant functional type. CLM5-FruitTree was tested using extensive field measurements from an apple orchard in South Tyrol, Italy. Growth and partitioning of biomass to the individual plant components were well represented by CLM5-FruitTree, and average yield was predicted within 2.3 % of the observed values despite low simulated inter-annual variability compared to observations. The simulated seasonal course of C, energy, and water fluxes was in good agreement with the eddy covariance (EC) measurements owing to the accurate representation of the prolonged growing season and typical leaf area development of the orchard. We found that gross primary production, net radiation, and latent heat flux were highly correlated (r>0.94) with EC measurements and showed little bias (<±5 %). Simulated respiration components, sensible heat, and soil heat flux were less consistent with observations. This was attributed to simplifications in the orchard structure and to the presence of additional management practices that are not yet represented in CLM5-FruitTree. Finally, the results suggested that the representation of microbial and autotrophic respiration and energy partitioning in complex, discontinuous canopies in CLM5 requires further attention. The new CLM5-FruitTree sub-model improved the representation of agricultural systems in CLM5 and can be used to study land surface processes in fruit orchards at the local, regional, or larger scale.

Eco‐Physiological Constraints of Deep Soil Desiccation in Semiarid Tree Plantations

“…As a measure of sensitivity, the parameter effect (PE) was calculated using the average of simulations between all time steps of the control and the perturbed simulations for selected output variables, using the following formula adjusted from Dombrowski et al. (2022) and Luo et al. (2020): $$${\Delta }{X}_{i,j}=\sum\limits _{k=1}^{n}\frac{\left\vert \overline{{X}_{i,j,k}}-\overline{{X}_{i,\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}}}\right\vert }{\left\vert \overline{{X}_{i,\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}}}\right\vert }$$$ $$$P{E}_{i,j}=\frac{{\Delta }{X}_{i,j}}{\mathrm{max}\left[{\left({\Delta }{X}_{i,j}\right)}_{1\le i\le n;1\le j\le m}\right]}$$$ where i is the i th variable across the six output variables P n , G s , SWC, T S , T , and E , j th is the j th parameter across 14 selected parameters, the parameters are shown in Table S1 of the Supporting Information .…”

“…The goal of this study is not to provide an in-depth analysis of all the parameters, but rather to provide an indication for model tuning. As a measure of sensitivity, the parameter effect (PE) was calculated using the average of simulations between all time steps of the control and the perturbed simulations for selected output variables, using the following formula adjusted from Dombrowski et al (2022) and Luo et al (2020):…”

Land Surface Modeling as a Tool to Explore Sustainable Irrigation Practices in Mediterranean Fruit Orchards

“…Additionally, a new apple plant functional type was parameterized while fertilization and irrigation use the default CLM5 schemes. The complete model development of CLM5-FruitTree is described in Dombrowski et al (2022).…”

“…Various land surface models such as ORCHIDEE, the Community Land Model (CLM), and Noah‐MP have since added crop modules (Levis et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2016; Smith et al., 2010). New crop representations have been developed to improve crop growth and management processes (Boas et al., 2021; B Peng et al., 2018) or to add new crop types (Dombrowski et al., 2022; Fader et al., 2015; Fan et al., 2015). Rather simple irrigation schemes are generally incorporated based on soil moisture thresholds (de Vrese et al., 2016; Ozdogan et al., 2010; Sacks et al., 2009), while more recent developments include the integration of irrigation techniques (Leng et al., 2017; Yao et al., 2022), irrigation water withdrawal from different sources (Leng et al., 2017; Xia et al., 2022), and water availability limitation (Yin et al., 2020) into various LSMs.…”

Land surface modeling as a tool to explore sustainable irrigation practices in Mediterranean fruit orchards

“…Additionally, a new apple plant functional type was parameterized while fertilization and irrigation use the default CLM5 schemes. The complete model development of CLM5-FruitTree is described in Olga Dombrowski et al[2022].…”