Clinicopathologic Aspects of Animal and Zoonotic Diseases of Bioterrorism

Mattix, Marc E.; Zeman, David; Moeller, Robert B.; Jackson, Carney B.; Larsen, Tom

doi:10.1016/j.cll.2006.03.010

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…While RVFV cannot be transmitted person to person, aerosol dissemination of the virus could enable rapid widespread transmission. 46,47,48 Virus potential to become established in affected areas given suitable conditions for transmission also implies the potential for sustained public and veterinary health impacts, trade restrictions, and therein significant economic burden. 15,20,46,49,50 …”

Section: Introduction Of Rvfv To Previously Unaffected Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The risk of Rift Valley fever virus introduction and establishment in the United States and European Union

Rolin

Berrang‐Ford

Kulkarni

2013

Emerging Microbes & Infections

112

113

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Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne disease resulting in severe morbidity and mortality in both human and ruminant populations. First identified in Kenya in 1930, the geographical range of RVFV has been largely constrained to the African continent, yet has recently spread to new regions, and is identified as a priority disease with potential for geographic emergence. We present a systematic literature review assessing the potential for RVFV introduction and establishment in the United States (US) and European Union (EU). Viable pathways for the introduction of RVFV include: transport of virus-carrying vectors, importation of viremic hosts and intentional entry of RVFV as a biological weapon. It is generally assumed that the risk of RVFV introduction into the US or EU is low. We argue that the risk of sporadic introduction is likely high, though currently an insufficient proportion of such introductions coincide with optimal environmental conditions. Future global trends may increase the likelihood of risk factors for RVFV spread.

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Section: Introduction Of Rvfv To Previously Unaffected Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The risk of Rift Valley fever virus introduction and establishment in the United States and European Union

Rolin

Berrang‐Ford

Kulkarni

2013

Emerging Microbes & Infections

112

113

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“…The one-medicine viewpoint also requires sensitivity to specific contexts of societies, cultures, and health systems. 26 A community surveillance system that is reliant solely on humans will not provide early health warning, but will instead record history. 2 A truly comprehensive national early health-warning system will rely upon the vertical integration of local, state, federal, and international officials, as well as the horizontal integration of animal health, human health, public safety, communication, transportation, intelligence, and national security professionals and institutions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonoses Likely to Be Used in Bioterrorism

Ryan

2008

Public Health Rep

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Bioterrorism is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other agents used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. Only modest microbiologic skills are needed to produce and effectively use biologic weapons. And biological warfare has afflicted campaigns throughout military history, at times playing an important role in determining their outcomes. There is a long list of potential pathogens for use by terrorists, but only a few are easy to prepare and disperse. Of the infectious diseases, the vast majority are zoonoses. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's highest-priority bioterrorism agents are in Category A. The only disease that does not affect animals in Category A is smallpox, which was eliminated by a worldwide vaccination program in the late 1970s. Because these diseases can infect animals and humans, the medical and veterinary communities should work closely together in clinical, public health, and research settings.

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“…The H1N1 Influenza A virus (swine flu) is a current, relevant and prominent zoonotic example. Many zoonotic agents have potential bioterrorism applications as well (Mattix et al 2006). Thus, the availability of Ab-and B cell-deficient piglets should serve as valuable as models for certain human diseases and would aid in vital vaccine development by helping to ascribe protective immunity to T or B cells, or both.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation of antibody- and B cell-deficient pigs by targeted disruption of the J-region gene segment of the heavy chain locus

Mendicino¹,

Ramsoondar²,

Phelps³

et al. 2010

Transgenic Res

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A poly(A)-trap gene targeting strategy was used to disrupt the single functional heavy chain (HC) joining region (J(H)) of swine in primary fibroblasts. Genetically modified piglets were then generated via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and bred to yield litters comprising J(H) wild-type littermate (+/+), J(H) heterozygous knockout (±) and J(H) homozygous knockout (-/-) piglets in the expected Mendelian ratio of 1:2:1. There are only two other targeted loci previously published in swine, and this is the first successful poly(A)-trap strategy ever published in a livestock species. In either blood or secondary lymphoid tissues, flow cytometry, RT-PCR and ELISA detected no circulating IgM(+) B cells, and no transcription or secretion of immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes, respectively in J(H) -/- pigs. Histochemical and immunohistochemical (IHC) studies failed to detect lymph node (LN) follicles or CD79α(+) B cells, respectively in J(H) -/- pigs. T cell receptor (TCR)(β) transcription and T cells were detected in J(H) -/- pigs. When reared conventionally, J(H) -/- pigs succumbed to bacterial infections after weaning. These antibody (Ab)- and B cell-deficient pigs have significant value as models for both veterinary and human research to discriminate cellular and humoral protective immunity to infectious agents. Thus, these pigs may aid in vaccine development for infectious agents such as the pandemic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and H1N1 swine flu. These pigs are also a first significant step towards generating a pig that expresses fully human, antigen-specific polyclonal Ab to target numerous incurable infectious diseases with high unmet clinical need.

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Clinicopathologic Aspects of Animal and Zoonotic Diseases of Bioterrorism

Cited by 3 publications

References 154 publications

The risk of Rift Valley fever virus introduction and establishment in the United States and European Union

The risk of Rift Valley fever virus introduction and establishment in the United States and European Union

Zoonoses Likely to Be Used in Bioterrorism

Generation of antibody- and B cell-deficient pigs by targeted disruption of the J-region gene segment of the heavy chain locus

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