Clinically relevant cell culture models and their significance in isolation, pathogenesis, vaccine development, repurposing and screening of new drugs for SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review

Kumar, Subodh; Sarma, Phulen; Kaur, Hardeep; Prajapat, Manisha; Bhattacharyya, Anusuya; Avti, Pramod K.; Sehkhar, Nishant; Bansal, Seema; Mahendiratta, Saniya; Mahalmani, Vidya M; Singh, Harvinder; Prakash, Ajay; Kuhad, Anurag; Medhi, Bikash

doi:10.1016/j.tice.2021.101497

Cited by 42 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 131 publications

(170 reference statements)

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“…Two clinically-isolated SARS-CoV-2 strains (IHUMI-3 and IHUMI-6), collected in hospitalized patients during the first COVID-19 outbreak in March 2020 in Marseille [ 29 ], were maintained in production in Vero E6 cells (American type culture collection ATCC ® CRL-1586™) in MEM with 4% of fetal bovine serum and 1% of glutamine (complete medium). Vero E6 cells are one of the most used cells for the culture of SARS-CoV-2 due to the presence of high expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, essential for SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry [ 30 , 31 ]. Vero E6 cells were found to be relevant for antiviral drug screening models [ 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In Vitro Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of Methylene Blue Alone or in Combination against SARS-CoV-2

Gendrot

Jardot

Delandre

et al. 2021

JCM

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A new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19), which emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019, has spread worldwide. Currently, very few treatments are officially recommended against SARS-CoV-2. Identifying effective, low-cost antiviral drugs with limited side effects that are affordable immediately is urgently needed. Methylene blue, a synthesized thiazine dye, may be a potential antiviral drug. Antiviral activity of methylene blue used alone or in combination with several antimalarial drugs or remdesivir was assessed against infected Vero E6 cells infected with two clinically isolated SARS-CoV-2 strains (IHUMI-3 and IHUMI-6). Effects both on viral entry in the cell and on post-entry were also investigated. After 48 h post-infection, the viral replication was estimated by RT-PCR. The median effective concentration (EC50) and 90% effective concentration (EC90) of methylene blue against IHUMI-3 were 0.41 ± 0.34 µM and 1.85 ± 1.41 µM, respectively; 1.06 ± 0.46 µM and 5.68 ± 1.83 µM against IHUMI-6. Methylene blue interacted at both entry and post-entry stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero E6 cells as retrieved for hydroxychloroquine. The effects of methylene blue were additive with those of quinine, mefloquine and pyronaridine. The combinations of methylene blue with chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, desethylamodiaquine, piperaquine, lumefantrine, ferroquine, dihydroartemisinin and remdesivir were antagonist. These results support the potential interest of methylene blue to treat COVID-19.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vero E6 cells are one of the most used cells for the culture of SARS-CoV-2 due to the presence of high expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, essential for SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry [ 30 , 31 ]. Vero E6 cells were found to be relevant for antiviral drug screening models [ 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of Methylene Blue Alone or in Combination against SARS-CoV-2

Gendrot

Jardot

Delandre

et al. 2021

JCM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Other cell types such Calu-3 (a human lung cancer line), Caco-2 (a human colorectal adenocarcinoma line), HEK 293T (derived human embryonic kidney line) and Huh7 (a human hepatocellular carcinoma line) can also be used for infection studies, but are not suitable for generating high titer virus stocks (79). Genetically modified cell lines, such as an ACE2 overexpressing HEK 293T line and Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) epithelial cell models exist (80). Human induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-derived alveolar type 2 cells (iAT2) are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection in ALI culture.…”

Section: Research and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomedicine: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to COVID-19

2021

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The SARS-CoV-2 virus is causing devastating morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nanomedicine approaches have a high potential to enhance conventional diagnostics, drugs and vaccines. In fact, lipid nanoparticle/mRNA vaccines are already widely used to protect from COVID-19. In this review, we present an overview of the taxonomy, structure, variants of concern, epidemiology, pathophysiology and detection methods of SARS-CoV-2. The efforts of repurposing, tailoring, and adapting pre-existing medications to battle COVID-19 and the state of vaccine developments are presented. Next, we discuss the broad concepts and limitations of how nanomedicine could address the COVID-19 threat. Nanomaterials are particles in the nanometer scale (10–100 nm) which possess unique properties related to their size, polarity, structural and chemical composition. Nanoparticles can be composed of precious metals (copper, silver, gold), inorganic materials (graphene, silicon), proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, RNA/DNA, or conjugates, combinations and polymers of all of the aforementioned. The advanced biochemical features of these nanoscale particles allow them to directly interact with virions and irreversibly disrupt their structure, which can render a virus incapable of replicating within the host. Virus-neutralizing coats and surfaces impregnated with nanomaterials can enhance personal protective equipment, hand sanitizers and air filter systems. Nanoparticles can enhance drug-based therapies by optimizing uptake, stability, target cell-specific delivery, and magnetic properties. In fact, recent studies have highlighted the potential of nanoparticles in different aspects of the fight against SARS-CoV-2, such as enhancing biosensors and diagnostic tests, drug therapies, designing new delivery mechanisms, and optimizing vaccines. This article summarizes the ongoing research on diagnostic strategies, treatments, and vaccines for COVID-19, while emphasizing the potential of nanoparticle-based pharmaceuticals and vaccines.

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Section: Different Diagnostic Approaches To Detect Mers-cov and Sars-cov-2 Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apart from being used in virus identification, virus-cell culture has also been widely used in the anti-viral drug development, in which anti-viral agent will be administered to the cultured cells to determine whether it would help to inhibit virus replication [273] , [274] . As such, virus-cell culture has been extensively employed to test the potential anti-viral agents against SARS-CoV-2 [273] and influenza virus [274] . The limitation of virus-cell culture is that the identification of virus using this method requires further tests like qRT-PCR or nucleotide sequencing to confirm the virus identity which is isolated from the clinical samples [275] .…”

Section: Different Diagnostic Approaches To Detect Mers-cov and Sars-cov-2 Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current diagnostic approaches to detect two important betacoronaviruses: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Chong

Liew

Ong

et al. 2021

Pathology - Research and Practice

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Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are two common betacoronaviruses, which are still causing transmission among the human population worldwide. The major difference between the two coronaviruses is that MERS-CoV is now causing sporadic transmission worldwide, whereas SARS-CoV-2 is causing a pandemic outbreak globally. Currently, different guidelines and reports have highlighted several diagnostic methods and approaches which could be used to screen and confirm MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections. These methods include clinical evaluation, laboratory diagnosis (nucleic acid-based test, protein-based test, or viral culture), and radiological diagnosis. With the presence of these different diagnostic approaches, it could cause a dilemma to the clinicians and diagnostic laboratories in selecting the best diagnostic strategies to confirm MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Therefore, this review aims to provide an up-to-date comparison of the advantages and limitations of different diagnostic approaches in detecting MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections. This review could provide insights for clinicians and scientists in detecting MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections to help combat the transmission of these coronaviruses.

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Clinically relevant cell culture models and their significance in isolation, pathogenesis, vaccine development, repurposing and screening of new drugs for SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review

Cited by 42 publications

References 131 publications

In Vitro Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of Methylene Blue Alone or in Combination against SARS-CoV-2

In Vitro Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of Methylene Blue Alone or in Combination against SARS-CoV-2

Nanomedicine: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to COVID-19

Current diagnostic approaches to detect two important betacoronaviruses: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

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