Clinical Value of Serum BMP-4, BMP-2, GDF-15, MMP-9, GP39 Levels in Pregnant Women with Obesity and the Related Comorbidities Diabetes Mellitus and Gestational Hypertension

Abstract

Aims We evaluated the clinical value of selected serum biomarkers BMP-4, BMP-2, GDF-15, MMP-9, and GP39 in pregnant women with obesity and the comorbidities diabetes mellitus (DM) and gestational hypertension (GHT). Methods This observational study had groups of controls, including healthy pregnant women; women with only obesity, including pregnant women with BMI≥30 kg/m2; women with gestational DM (GDM) with obesity, including pregnant women with GDM and obesity; women with pregestational DM (PGDM) with obesity, including pregnant women with PGDM and obesity; and women with GHT with obesity, including pregnant women with GHT and obesity. We measured serum levels of selected biomarkers by ELISA. ResultsObesity increased serum levels of all the biomarkers; GDM developed in obese women caused a more pronounced increase in the serum levels of BMP-4 and BMP-2, and GHT developed in obese women caused a more pronounced increase in the serum levels of GDF-15. In the women with GDM-, PGDM-, and GHT-complicated obesity, serum levels of MMP-9 and GP39 did not change meaningfully. Conclusions Obesity and its comorbidities DM and GHT lead to meaningful changes in the studied serum biomarkers. Since obesity has a causal effect on developing numerous conditions, reliable clinical biomarkers are needed to improve the early prediction and diagnosis of high-risk conditions during pregnancy.

Correlations between growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) serum levels and gene polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…Several studies supported a positive correlation between GDF-15 levels and pulmonary artery pressure, which can be employed to predict pulmonary hypertension [ [50] , [51] , [52] ]. Elevated serum GDF-15 have also been observed in obese women with gestational hypertension [ 53 ]. GDF-15 is a well-recognized inflammatory and stress factor whose expression is increased by pressure overload and sympathetic nervous system activation [ 54 ].…”

Growth differentiation factor‑15 in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and its relationship with microalbuminuria

“…Most women with GDM are overweight or obese, with the clinical features of metabolic syndrome (31). Yarsilikal Guleroglu et al (32) reported that FPG and HbA1c levels in women with GDM and obesity were higher than those in normal pregnant women. The present study found that the incidence of obesity in the GDM group was significantly higher than that in the normal pregnancy group and the mean BMI was also significantly higher.…”

“…Shin et al (40) reported that serum GDF-15 levels were independently correlated with cardiovascular risk scores in patients with new-onset T2DM. Yarsilikal Guleroglu et al (32) found that the serum GDF-15 level was higher in GDM patients with obesity than in healthy pregnant women, indicating that GDF-15 is not only associated with gestational hypertension but may also be associated with obesity. Banerjee et al (20) showed that GDF-15 had a significant positive correlation with fasting serum insulin, HOMA-IR and FPG at 24-28 weeks of gestation in subjects with GDM.…”

Identification of candidate biomarkers and pathways associated with multiple sclerosis using bioinformatics and next generation sequencing data analysis

“…CCR2 [461], FASLG (Fas ligand) [462], CD28 [463], LYZ (lysozyme) [464], CCL5 [465], CCL3 [466], C6 [467], MSR1 [468], HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) [469], VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A) [470], ADM (adrenomedullin) [471], CR2 [472], MAG (myelin associated glycoprotein) [473], CDH1 [474], OLIG2 [475], SEMA4D [476], ADAMTS4 [477], BMP2 [478], ERBB3 [479] and NKX2-2 [480] have been identified as a hub gene in spinal cord injury in several studies. CCR2 [481], FASLG (Fas ligand) [286], CD24 [482], CD28 [483], LYZ (lysozyme) [484], IL7R [485], CCL5 [486], LTF (lactotransferrin) [487], GPNMB (glycoprotein nmb) [488], CTLA4 [489], IRF4 [490], CHIT1 [491], NPY2R [492], TAB2 [131], CD52 [302], CD163 [493], MSR1 [306], HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) [494], TRPM8 [495], TTR (transthyretin) [496], F13A1 [497], ADM (adrenomedullin) [498], COL9A3 [499], ANGPTL4 [500], CHI3L1 [501], BMP8A [502], SREBF1 [503], CDKN1C [504], INSIG1 [505], ATF3 [506], HK2 [507], TF (transferrin) [508], MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) [509], ADAMTS4 [510], BMP2 [511], HSPA2 [512], LMNA (lamin A/C) [330], HSD11B1 [513], NKX2-2 [514], NHLH2 [433], FGF11 [515], ASPA (aspartoacylase) [336], FASN (fatty acid synthase) [516], PNPLA3 [517], MMP15 [518], CBR1 [519], LRP2 [520], WNT7A [340], GPR142 [521], GPD1 [343], LIPE (lipase E, hormone sensitive type) [522], CNDP1 […”