Clinical types of nutritional status in patients with chronic pancreatitis

Abstract

Background: Malnutrition is among the predictors of unfavorable outcome of chronic pancreatitis (CP). Our previous study has shown that the malnutrition prevalence in CP patients was 92%; body mass index (BMI) ≤ 19 kg/m2 was found only in 15.5%.Aim: To identify clinical variants of nutrition status in CP patients. Materials and methods: We have analyzed the data from the first step of an open-label randomized prospective study on 148 patients (80 male) with CP of various etiologies, aged from 22 to 82 years (mean age, 51.8 ± 13.2 years). According to TIGAR-O, the patients were allocated into two groups: the first group with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis (CAP) included 71 patients (57 male and 14 female, mean age 46.3 ± 11.2 years), the second one with chronic obstructive pancreatitis (COP) consisted of 77 patients (29 male and 48 female; mean age 56.81 ± 3 years). Exocrine pancreatic function was assessed by fecal elastase 1 levels. Nutritional status was determined by V.M. Luft classification based on comparison of various anthropometrical parameters, as well as on some laboratory parameters (hemoglobin, total protein, albumin levels, lymphocyte counts, etc.). The anthropometrical and laboratory parameters, as well as smoking and alcohol overconsumption were included into the correlational analysis.Results: In the CAP group, the number of smoking patients was 2.5-fold higher than that in the COP group (р < 0.001). The smokers had a lower BMI (р = 0.002) and lower pre-albumin levels (р = 0.04), compared to the non-smokers. There were associations between: the number of cigarettes per day and the daily amount of alcohol (r = 0.55), the smoking index and thickness of the skin/fat fold over the triceps muscle of the arm (r = -0.4), severity of chronic alcohol abuse and malnutrition grade (r = -0.5), duration of excess alcohol consumption and thickness of the skin/fat fold over the triceps (r = -0.4), hemoglobin levels and malnutrition grade (r = 0.5), hemoglobin level and shoulder circumference (r = 0.47), blood cholesterol level and shoulder circumference (r = 0.37), low density lipoprotein level and shoulder circumference (r = 0.41). Four basic clinical types of nutrition status could be identified: malnutrition of various grades (66%), overweight/obesity without malnutrition (3%), sarcopenic obesity with some malnutrition (26%), euthrophic type (5%). In the patients with malnutrition without sarcopenia, the etiology of CP had no effect on the prevalence of malnutrition. Low albumin levels were found in 54% (80/98) of the patients with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and malnutrition, indicating a risk of sarcopenia. Sarcopenic obesity with malnutrition was most prevalent in COP (24 vs. 14 patients with CAP) and at higher age (56.8 vs. 46.3 years, respectively, р < 0.001).Conclusion: Smoking, chronic alcohol abuse, low hemoglobin levels are associated (negative correlation) with the development of malnutrition in CP patients. The most prevalent clinical types of nutrition status in CP patients are characterized by various degrees of malnutrition, as well as by malnutrition with sarcopenic obesity.