Clinical syndromes and biochemical alterations following mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin and a combination of the three psychotomimetic drugs

The current state of research on ayahuasca: A systematic review of human studies assessing psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological functioning, and neuroimaging

“…These effects are similar to those described for other classic hallucinogens that act as 5-HT 2A -receptor agonists, such as mescaline (Hermle et al, 1992;Hollister and Sjoberg, 1964), psilocybin (Carhart-Harris et al, 2012a, 2012bHollister and Sjoberg, 1964;Kometer et al, 2012;Kraehenmann et al, 2015;Studerus et al, 2011;Vollenweider et al, 1997), LSD (Hollister and Sjoberg, 1964;Schmid et al, 2015), and DMT (Strassman et al, 1994).…”

Immunological Effects of Ayahuasca in Humans

“…It has been suggested that the immunomodulatory changes produced by LSD could be the result of a nonspecific stress response on the adrenal glands, produced by an indirect mechanism involving the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the SNS (Hintzen & Passie 2010;House, Thomas & Bhargava 1994;Sackler, Weltman & Owens 1966;Hollister & Sjoberg 1964;Sackler, Weltman & Sparber 1963;Feld, Goodman & Guido 1958;Forrer & Goldner 1951). LSD can cause lymphopenia, eosinopenia and neutrophilia in animals (Hintzen & Passie 2010;Sackler, Weltman & Sparber 1963).…”

“…Regarding NK cells, LSD produces a dose-dependent effect: low doses enhance both basal and IL-2 augmented NK cells, while higher doses suppress NK cells (House, Thomas & Bhargava 1994;. LSD can produce neutrophilia and eosinopenia in humans, although the data on eosinopenia is contradictory (Hintzen & Passie 2010;Hollister & Sjoberg 1964;Feld, Goodman & Guido 1958;Forrer & Goldner 1951). Psilocybin, a compound related chemically and pharmacologically to DMT and LSD, can produce leucopenia in humans (Passie et al 2002).…”

Investigating the Mechanisms of Hallucinogen-Induced Visions Using 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA): A Randomized Controlled Trial in Humans

“…Given that drug-induced CEVs are more easily elicited than open-eye visual changes, one might speculate that MDA-induced extraversion decreases likelihood of closing eyes and experiencing visual percepts. Nonetheless, it seems likely that the visual effects of MDA are more subtle than those of hallucinogens such as mescaline and psilocybin, which often produce dramatic open-eye visual percepts [9], [109].…”