Clinical Signs and Diagnosis of Scrapie in Italy: A Comparative Study in Sheep and Goats

Capucchio, M.T.; Guarda, F.; Pozzato, Nicola; Coppolino, S.; Caracappa, Santo; Marco, V. Di

doi:10.1046/j.1439-0442.2001.00312.x

Cited by 32 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Specifically, in the 139H scrapie model, a severe preclinical anabolic syndrome was evident and was more pronounced when hamsters were non-fasted, whereas in the HY TME model a severe catabolic syndrome developed by clinical disease and was more pronounced when hamsters were fasted. Although endocrine data associated with glucostasis are scarce from other prion disease models, sheep with clinical scrapie disease appear to also have increased concentrations of insulin and are also hyperglycemic (Viguie et al 2004) although scrapie-infected sheep actually lose weight near clinical disease onset (Capucchio et al 2001). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In mouse models of prion disease, endocrine alterations range from hyperinsulinemia and adrenaldependent obesity to loss of body weight and reduced adiposity (Carp et al 1984, Kim et al 1987, 1988. In fact, the loss of body weight and adiposity is common in several naturally occurring prion diseases, including sheep and goats with scrapie (Capucchio et al 2001), in wild ungulates with chronic wasting disease (Miller & Williams 2002; for review see Salman 2003), and in humans with either fatal familial insomnia or CreutzfeldtJakob disease (Collinge 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prominent pancreatic endocrinopathy and altered control of food intake disrupt energy homeostasis in prion diseases

Bailey

Berardinelli

Rocke

et al. 2008

Journal of Endocrinology

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Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that can induce endocrinopathies. The basis of altered endocrine function in prion diseases is not well understood, and the purpose of this study was to investigate the spatiotemporal relationship between energy homeostasis and prion infection in hamsters inoculated with either the 139H strain of scrapie agent, which induces preclinical weight gain, or the HY strain of transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), which induces clinical weight loss. Temporal changes in body weight, feed, and water intake were measured as well as both non-fasted and fasted concentrations of serum glucose, insulin, glucagon, b-ketones, and leptin. In 139H scrapie-infected hamsters, polydipsia, hyperphagia, non-fasted hyperinsulinemia with hyperglycemia, and fasted hyperleptinemia were found at preclinical stages and are consistent with an anabolic syndrome that has similarities to type II diabetes mellitus and/or metabolic syndrome X. In HY TME-infected hamsters, hypodipsia, hypersecretion of glucagon (in both non-fasted and fasted states), increased fasted b-ketones, fasted hypoglycemia, and suppressed non-fasted leptin concentrations were found while feed intake was normal. These findings suggest a severe catabolic syndrome in HY TME infection mediated by chronic increases in glucagon secretion. In both models, alterations of pancreatic endocrine function were not associated with PrP Sc deposition in the pancreas. The results indicate that prominent endocrinopathy underlies alterations in body weight, pancreatic endocrine function, and intake of food. The prion-induced alterations of energy homeostasis in 139H scrapie-or HY TME-infected hamsters could occur within areas of the hypothalamus that control food satiety and/or within autonomic centers that provide neural outflow to the pancreas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prominent pancreatic endocrinopathy and altered control of food intake disrupt energy homeostasis in prion diseases

Bailey

Berardinelli

Rocke

et al. 2008

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Naturally-occurring scrapie in goats was first reported in France [5], and although this and other subsequent descriptions [3,16,34] record contact with scrapie-infected sheep, some others do not [15,29,34]. In most cases, the disease in goats has been reported to closely resemble that in sheep, although differences in clinical manifestation between the two species have been described [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High prevalence of scrapie in a dairy goat herd: tissue distribution of disease-associated PrP and effect ofPRNPgenotype and age

González¹,

Martin²,

Sisó³

et al. 2009

Vet. Res.

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-Following a severe outbreak of clinical scrapie in 2006-2007, a large dairy goat herd was culled and 200 animals were selected for post-mortem examinations in order to ascertain the prevalence of infection, the effect of age, breed and PRNP genotype on the susceptibility to scrapie, the tissue distribution of diseaseassociated PrP (PrP d ), and the comparative efficiency of different diagnostic methods. As determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) examinations with Bar224 PrP antibody, the prevalence of preclinical infection was very high (72/200; 36.0%), with most infected animals being positive for PrP d in lymphoreticular system (LRS) tissues (68/72; 94.4%) compared to those that were positive in brain samples (38/72; 52.8%). The retropharyngeal lymph node and the palatine tonsil showed the highest frequency of PrP d accumulation (87.3% and 84.5%, respectively), while the recto-anal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (RAMALT) was positive in only 30 (41.7%) of the infected goats. However, the efficiency of rectal and palatine tonsil biopsies taken shortly before necropsy was similar. The probability of brain and RAMALT being positive directly correlated with the spread of PrP d within the LRS. The prevalence of infection was influenced by PRNP genetics at codon 142 and by the age of the goats: methionine carriers older than 60 months showed a much lower prevalence of infection (12/78; 15.4%) than those younger than 60 months (20/42; 47.6%); these last showed prevalence values similar to isoleucine homozygotes of any age (40/80; 50.0%). Two of seven goats with definite signs of scrapie were negative for PrP d in brain but positive in LRS tissues, and one goat showed biochemical and IHC features of PrP d different from all other infected goats. The results of this study have implications for surveillance and control policies for scrapie in goats.scrapie / goat / prion disease / transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

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“…Intense pruritus and obvious wool loss were not recorded as frequently as described by other authors. 4,31 All but 2 of the 129 animals in this study showed hindlimb ataxia, a nibble reflex, or both. These 2 animals were in very poor body condition (BCS, 0.5), and emaciation was the most prominent clinical finding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

The Clinical Neurology of Scrapie in Irish Sheep

Healy¹,

Weavers²,

McElroy³

et al. 2003

J Vet Int Med

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One hundred twenty-nine sheep with scrapie were identified from 20 flocks in which scrapie previously had been confirmed. Physical and neurologic examinations were performed on all animals. Videotape recordings were made and reviewed to assess gait. These procedures were repeated in 46 sheep at 2-to 3-week intervals until recumbency or inappetence necessitated euthanasia. Confirmation of scrapie was made by histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinations of brain tissue. The clinical signs most frequently recorded in the 129 animals on initial presentation were hindlimb ataxia (71%), head tremor (61%), altered mental status (57%), positive nibble reflex (51%), crouching posture (51%), teeth grinding (44%), low head carriage (38%), body condition score (BCS) Ͻ1.5 (38%), and conscious proprioceptive deficits of the hindlimbs (36%). Progression of the disease was characterized by an increase in the frequency and severity of ataxia, weakness and hypermetria of the hindlimbs, a decreasing sway response, a decreasing extensor response to thoracolumbar pressure, and a reduction in the BCS. No effect of farm of origin on the clinical presentation could be shown. The presence of a nibble reflex was strongly associated (P Ͻ .0005) with prion protein (PrP) genotypes AA 136 RR 154 QH 171 and AA 136 RR 154 QQ 171 . Logistic regression modeling of groups with associated clinical signs showed that animals with a crouching posture (odds ratio [OR], 20.036) and an abnormal yield to thoracolumbar pressure (OR, 7.117) were at increased risk of ataxia. Pruritus (OR, 0.168) was negatively associated with ataxia. Pruritus (OR, 4.974) and teeth grinding (OR, 4.279) were associated with a positive nibble reflex.

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Clinical Signs and Diagnosis of Scrapie in Italy: A Comparative Study in Sheep and Goats

Cited by 32 publications

References 7 publications

Prominent pancreatic endocrinopathy and altered control of food intake disrupt energy homeostasis in prion diseases

Prominent pancreatic endocrinopathy and altered control of food intake disrupt energy homeostasis in prion diseases

High prevalence of scrapie in a dairy goat herd: tissue distribution of disease-associated PrP and effect ofPRNPgenotype and age

The Clinical Neurology of Scrapie in Irish Sheep

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