Clinical Significance of MicroRNAs, Long Non-Coding RNAs, and CircRNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract

Based on recent research, the non-coding genome is essential for controlling genes and genetic programming during development, as well as for health and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The microRNAs (miRNAs), lncRNAs (long ncRNAs), and circRNAs (circular RNAs) with significant regulatory and structural roles make up approximately 99% of the human genome, which does not contain proteins. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) have been discovered to be essential novel regulators of cardiovascular risk factors and cellular processes, making them significant prospects for advanced diagnostics and prognosis evaluation. Cases of CVDs are rising due to limitations in the current therapeutic approach; most of the treatment options are based on the coding transcripts that encode proteins. Recently, various investigations have shown the role of nc-RNA in the early diagnosis and treatment of CVDs. Furthermore, the development of novel diagnoses and treatments based on miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs could be more helpful in the clinical management of patients with CVDs. CVDs are classified into various types of heart diseases, including cardiac hypertrophy (CH), heart failure (HF), rheumatic heart disease (RHD), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI), atherosclerosis (AS), myocardial fibrosis (MF), arrhythmia (ARR), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Here, we discuss the biological and clinical importance of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs and their expression profiles and manipulation of non-coding transcripts in CVDs, which will deliver an in-depth knowledge of the role of ncRNAs in CVDs for progressing new clinical diagnosis and treatment.

A Machine Learning Model Based on microRNAs for the Diagnosis of Essential Hypertension

“…Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which encompass different categories like miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circular RNAs (circRNAs), hold significant relevance in clinical applications. Recent research has unveiled that multiple types of ncRNAs play a role in controlling vascular tone to influence the pathophysiology of arterial hypertension (AH) [28]. For instance, lncRNAs contribute to the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell function, and miR-221 and miR-222 impact lnc-Ang362, which, in turn, affects the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells [29].…”

“…Several lncRNAs, namely, NR_027032, NR_034083, and NR_104181, can serve as biomarkers for diagnosing AH [29]. Another lncRNA, GAS5 (growth arrest-specific 5) plays a role in regulating vascular remodeling in hypertension, with primary expression in endothelial cells (ECs) and VSMCs [28]. Several circRNAs appear to be associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction, which may contribute to the development of arterial hypertension.…”

Novel Biomarkers and Their Role in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome

“…While miRNAs show promise as potential key players in the early diagnosis of MI, further research is imperative to establish their potency as cardiac biomarkers and their potential implementation in everyday practice [39]. Lastly, long non-coding RNAs (lncR-NAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) can also shed light on the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases [122].…”