Clinical significance of conformity index and gradient index in patients undergoing stereotactic radiosurgery for a single metastatic tumor

Abstract

OBJECTIVEAlthough the conformity index (CI) and the gradient index (GI), which were proposed by Paddick and colleagues, are both logically considered to correlate with good posttreatment results after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), this hypothesis has not been confirmed clinically. The authors’ aim was to reappraise whether high CI values correlate with reduced tumor progression rates, and whether low GI values correlate with reduced complication incidences.METHODSThis was an institutional review board–approved, retrospective cohort study conducted using a prospectively accumulated database including 3271 patients who underwent Gamma Knife SRS for brain metastases (BMs) during the 1998–2016 period. Among the 3271 patients, 925 with a single BM at the time of SRS (335 women and 590 men, mean age 66 [range 24–93] years) were studied. The mean/median CIs were 0.62/0.66 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.53–0.74, range 0.08–0.88) and the mean/median GIs were 3.20/3.09 (IQR 2.83–3.39, range 2.27–11.4).RESULTSSRS-related complications occurred in 38 patients (4.1%), with a median post-SRS interval of 11.5 (IQR 6.0–25.8, maximum 118.0) months. Cumulative incidences of post-SRS complications determined by a competing risk analysis were 2.2%, 3.2%, 3.6%, 3.8%, and 3.9% at the 12th, 24th, 36th, 48th, and 60th post-SRS month, respectively. Multivariable analyses showed that only two clinical factors (i.e., peripheral doses and brain volume receiving ≥ 12 Gy) correlated with complication rates. However, neither CIs nor GIs impacted the incidences of complications. Among the 925 patients, post-SRS MRI was performed at least once in 716 of them, who were thus eligible for local progression evaluation. Among these 716 patients, local progression was confirmed in 96 (13.4%), with a median post-SRS interval of 10.8 (IQR 6.7–19.5, maximum 59.8) months. Cumulative incidences of local progression determined by a competing risk analysis were 7.7%, 12.6%, 14.2%, 14.8%, and 15.3% at the 12th, 24th, 36th, 48th, and 60th post-SRS month, respectively. Multivariable analyses showed neurological symptoms, extracerebral metastases, repeat SRS, and CIs to correlate with incidences of local progression, whereas GIs had no impact on local tumor progression. Particularly, cumulative incidences of local progression were significantly lower in patients with CIs < 0.65 than in those with CIs ≥ 0.65 (adjusted hazard ratio 1.870, 95% confidence interval 1.299–2.843; p = 0.0034).CONCLUSIONSTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first analysis to focus on the clinical significance of CI and GI based on a large series of patients with BM. Contrary to the majority opinion that dose planning with higher CI and lower GI results in good post-SRS outcomes (i.e., low local progression rates and minimal complications), this study clearly showed that the lower the CIs were, the lower the local progression rates were, and that the GI did not impact complication rates.

Hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Benign Intracranial Meningiomas: Long-Term Safety and Efficacy

“…Based on the univariate analyses, a higher CIN was associated with an improved PFS and more patients had recurrences or died when the CIN was above the median. This is contrary to the classical opinion that a CIN closer to 1.0 is indicative of an optimal plan that maximizes the local control and minimizes toxicity [ 22 , 23 ]. This may be explained by several factors inherent to the nature of CIN and the relationship with the lesion size and shape.…”

Optimizing stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with recurrent or residual craniopharyngiomas

“…In a study of brain metastases SRS, Aiyama et al had reported that tumor control actually was reduced as the conformity index was increased. (22) The present study found that for tumors such as craniopharyngioma the conformity index had no relationship to tumor control or to adverse radiation effect. Instead when deliberately reducing the tumor dose near the optic system while at the same time ensuring that at least 85% of the tumor received ≥12 Gy, tumor control was improved and risk was low (Fig.…”

Radiobiological evaluation considering setup error on single‐isocenter irradiation in stereotactic radiosurgery

“…Third, the prescription dose was 20 Gy for each GTV in Equation (3). [18][19][20][21] The dose distribution was adjusted so that D95 (%) of each GTV was covered by 100% of the prescribed dose (Fig. 1(c)).…”