Clinical risk factors of oral leukoplakia in a representative sample of the US population

Smoking and drinking in relation to oral cancer and oral epithelial dysplasia

“…Smoking tobacco is associated with an increased risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer [2,[6][7][8]31], OED [9], and oral leukoplakia in general [10][11][12][13][14][15], with risks increasing in a dosedependent fashion and declining with the duration of smoking cessation. In the current study, which directly relates the exposure odds of oral cancer to the odds of OED, we did not find clear evidence that cases of oral cancer and OED were significantly different as regards their smoking patterns or history.…”

“…While smoking tobacco is associated with an increased risk of oral leukoplakia [10][11][12][13][14][15], follow-up studies of persons with leukoplakia have often reported that smokers have a lower transformation rate to oral cancer than do non-smokers [5,[16][17][18]. Further, while alcohol consumption is clearly a risk factor for oral and pharyngeal cancer, the role of alcohol is more equivocal in terms oral leukoplakia, with some investigations revealing weak to moderate associations [11,19,20] but others finding no relationship [12,13,15,21]. Moreover, in a recent report from Taiwan, smoking, but not drinking, was found to be an important risk factor in the development of oral leukoplakia, while drinking was more important than smoking in the malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia [21].…”

Leukoplakia and erythroplakia: A clinicians perspective and histopathologist verdict - A retrospective study

“…Studies conducted by Liu et al, [10] Dietrich et al, [11] and Misra et al [12] also showed increase incidence in males. The reason for greater incidence in males is due to increase use of tobacco in males.…”

Expressão imuno-histoquímica de Bcl-2, Ki-67 e caspase-3 ativa em líquen plano oral e leucoplasia com diferentes graus de displasia

“…características clínicas e grau de displasia, são alguns fatores associados à incidência da leucoplasia e sua taxa de transformação maligna (DIETRICH et al, 2004).…”

“…O hábito de fumar mais de 20 cigarros por dia foi associado à ocorrência da leucoplasia, aumentando o risco de aparecimento dessa lesão em 2,4 a 15 vezes (DIETRICH et al, 2004). Paradoxalmente, leucoplasia em indivíduos não tabagistas parecem ter maior risco para o desenvolvimento de malignização das lesões (NAPIER et al, 2008).…”