Clinical Relevance and Antimicrobial Profiling of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on Routine Antibiotics and Ethanol Extract of Mango Kernel (Mangifera indica L.)

Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is known for serious health problems. Testing new inexpensive natural products such as mango kernel (Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae) may provide alternative and economically viable anti-MRSA drugs. In the current study, we screened clinical isolates from Aseer Central Hospital, Saudi Arabia, during 2012–2017 for MRSA and tested an ethanolic extract of mango kernel for anti-MRSA activity. Brief confirmation of MRSA was performed by the Vitek 2 system, while antibiotic sensitivity of strains was tested for their clinical relevance. The In vitro disc diffusion method was used to test the anti-MRSA activity of the ethanolic mango kernel extract. The antimicrobial activity of mango kernel was compared to that of standard drugs (oxacillin and vancomycin). Of the identified 132 S. aureus strains, 42 (31.8%) were found to be MRSA and their prevalence showed a clear increase during the last two years (2016-2017; p<0.001). MRSA strains showed 100% sensitivity to vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, tetracycline, daptomycin, tigecycline, and tobramycin and 100% resistance to ampicillin and 98% to penicillin. The ethanolic extracts of mango kernel were found active against both S. aureus and the MRSA strains. Inhibitory activities (mean ± SE) were achieved at concentrations of 50 mg/mL (20.77 ± 0.61), 5 mg/mL (16.18 ± 0.34), and 0.5 mg/mL (8.39 ± 0.33) exceeding that of vancomycin (p=0.0162). MRSA strains were sensitive to mango kernel extracts when compared to vancomycin. Therefore, ethanolic extracts of mango kernel can be escalated to animal model studies as a promising leading anti-MRSA drug candidate and can be an economic alternative to high-priced synthetic antibiotics.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: a 5-year retrospective analysis at a multi-hospital healthcare system in Saudi Arabia

“…The relatively lower susceptibility in gram-positive bacteria in the current study may be reflecting Saudi prescription trends in recent years that overuse fluoroquinolones [ 1 , 39 ] and carbapenems [ 40 , 41 ] at the expenses of other broad-spectrum such as linezolid and vancomycin due to increased availability and reduced cost of these drugs. However, nitrofurantoin maintained the greatest efficacy against MRSA in our study (82.6%); supporting the finding of a recent study in Aseer that shown 100% susceptibility of MRSA to nitrofurantoin [ 42 ].…”

Studying Anti-virulence Activity of Meta-Bromo-Thiolactone against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and MRSA Phenotypes

“…MRSA is the predominant pathogen contributing to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in both community and health care settings. Studies have shown that 33% of people carry S. aureus in their nose without harm, and two out of every hundred are MRSA carriers [1]. The consequences of the MRSA infection continue to upsurge, because of elevation in transmission rates, intense colonization, and rapid bacterial activation of virulence factors that increase the infection's pathogenicity.…”

Antibacterial and Anti-quorum Sensing Activity of PAMAM G4 Loaded Quorum Quencher Peptide against MRSA, Staphylococcus aureus and Agr Mutants

“…The consequences of MRSA infection continue to increase, and the reasons for this increase includes the increases in transmission rates, intense colonization, and rapid bacterial activation of virulence factors that increase the infection's pathogenicity [2]. Overuse of antibiotics has been associated with resistance in hospitals and communities.…”