Clinical Quiz: A Potentially Toxic Primate Bite

Fung, HT; Wong, OF

doi:10.1177/102490791602300509

Cited by 42 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Toxins 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 29 plied to human epidermal carcinoma cells (skin cancer) showed the death of mitochondrial functions using a MTT assay of the cells, even at very low (1/10,000 part saliva in water) dilutions [126]. Symptoms from slow loris bites on humans are well documented, with a broader variety of symptoms including lethargy, headaches, festering wounds, paraesthesia and infections [65,94,[127][128][129][130][131]. Together, this evidence represents slow loris venom as predominately cytotoxic.…”

Section: The Type Of Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Slowly Making Sense: A Review of the Two-Step Venom System within Slow (Nycticebus spp.) and Pygmy Lorises (Xanthonycticebus spp.)

Fitzpatrick,

Ligabue-Braun,

Nekaris

2023

Toxins

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Since the early 2000s, studies of the evolution of venom within animals have rapidly expanded, offering new revelations on the origins and development of venom within various species. The venomous mammals represent excellent opportunities to study venom evolution due to the varying functional usages, the unusual distribution of venom across unrelated mammals and the diverse variety of delivery systems. A group of mammals that excellently represents a combination of these traits are the slow (Nycticebus spp.) and pygmy lorises (Xanthonycticebus spp.) of south-east Asia, which possess the only confirmed two-step venom system. These taxa also present one of the most intriguing mixes of toxic symptoms (cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity) and functional usages (intraspecific competition and ectoparasitic defence) seen in extant animals. We still lack many pieces of the puzzle in understanding how this venom system works, why it evolved what is involved in the venom system and what triggers the toxic components to work. Here, we review available data building upon a decade of research on this topic, focusing especially on why and how this venom system may have evolved. We discuss that research now suggests that venom in slow lorises has a sophisticated set of multiple uses in both intraspecific competition and the potential to disrupt the immune system of targets; we suggest that an exudate diet reveals several toxic plants consumed by slow and pygmy lorises that could be sequestered into their venom and which may help heal venomous bite wounds; we provide the most up-to-date visual model of the brachial gland exudate secretion protein (BGEsp); and we discuss research on a complement component 1r (C1R) protein in saliva that may solve the mystery of what activates the toxicity of slow and pygmy loris venom. We conclude that the slow and pygmy lorises possess amongst the most complex venom system in extant animals, and while we have still a lot more to understand about their venom system, we are close to a breakthrough, particularly with current technological advances.

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Section: The Type Of Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Slowly Making Sense: A Review of the Two-Step Venom System within Slow (Nycticebus spp.) and Pygmy Lorises (Xanthonycticebus spp.)

Fitzpatrick,

Ligabue-Braun,

Nekaris

2023

Toxins

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“…Bitten animals suffer from chronically non-healing wounds, leading to necrosis, septicaemia, lung oedema, and cellulitis [10,11]. Envenomation in humans may be followed by paraesthesia, haematuria, dyspnoea, extreme pain, and infection, and in the worst cases can lead to severe or even near-fatal anaphylactic shock [12][13][14]. Healing time may reach several months [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Toxicological Intersection between Allergen and Toxin: A Structural Comparison of the Cat Dander Allergenic Protein Fel d1 and the Slow Loris Brachial Gland Secretion Protein

Scheib

Nekaris

Rode‐Margono

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Slow lorises are enigmatic animal that represent the only venomous primate lineage. Their defensive secretions have received little attention. In this study we determined the full length sequence of the protein secreted by their unique brachial glands. The full length sequences displayed homology to the main allergenic protein present in cat dander. We thus compared the molecular features of the slow loris brachial gland protein and the cat dander allergen protein, showing remarkable similarities between them. Thus we postulate that allergenic proteins play a role in the slow loris defensive arsenal. These results shed light on these neglected, novel animals.

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Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos

2020

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Clinical Quiz: A Potentially Toxic Primate Bite

Abstract: A 58-year-old woman with good past health and no allergy history was bitten by an animal on left middle finger. She complained of wound pain and swelling.

Cited by 42 publications

References 7 publications

Slowly Making Sense: A Review of the Two-Step Venom System within Slow (Nycticebus spp.) and Pygmy Lorises (Xanthonycticebus spp.)

Slowly Making Sense: A Review of the Two-Step Venom System within Slow (Nycticebus spp.) and Pygmy Lorises (Xanthonycticebus spp.)

The Toxicological Intersection between Allergen and Toxin: A Structural Comparison of the Cat Dander Allergenic Protein Fel d1 and the Slow Loris Brachial Gland Secretion Protein

Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos

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