Clinical practice

Abstract

Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing in children is a relatively common problem, presenting in various ways, from primary snoring, without an apparent decrease in quality of life, to obstructive sleep apnea with cognitive, cardiac, and growth abnormalities. History, clinical examination, radiologic evaluations, sleep studies, and other diagnostic modalities are reviewed. Since application and interpretation of these methods are not consistent in studies of snoring, a consensus on optimal treatment options has not been established. Traditionally, adenotonsillectomy has long been the treatment of choice. Treatment failures or recurrences as well as the existence of causes and contributing factors other than adenotonsillar hypertrophy, like obesity, facial malformations, and Down syndrome, have changed the concept of adenotonsillectomy as the ultimate cure. Several other treatment options have been proposed on their own or in combination. Continuous positive airway pressure, anti-inflammatory medications, maxillofacial, and orthodontic treatments are reviewed suggesting the need of a multidisciplinary approach in some cases. Finally, at the end of the chapter, a diagnostic and treatment work up based on current evidence is proposed for otherwise normal children or children with specific conditions.

Mental Health and Cognitive Development in Symptomatic Children and Adolescents Scoring High on Habitual Snoring: Role of Obesity and Allergy

“…Childhood obesity is the second leading cause of snoring [15,16] and children who habitually snore are often noted to have an allergy [17]. Pediatric obesity remains an issue of global concern, affecting approximately 17% of children and adolescents in the United States [18].…”