“…11 Perioperative fluid management strongly influences patient outcomes. 12e14 Despite national guidelines 15,16 and international recommendations, 17e20 there remains wide variability in haemodynamic monitoring, 21 and type and volume of administered fluids. 22,23 Goal-directed hemodynamic therapy (GDHT) is a method aiming at optimal dosing and timing of fluids, inotropes, and vasopressors through monitoring of cardiac output (CO) and other haemodynamic parameters.…”