Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: A Review

Abstract

Theileriosis is a blood piroplasmic disease that adversely affects the livestock industry, especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is caused by haemoprotozoan of the Theileria genus, transmitted by hard ticks and which possesses a complex life cycle. The clinical course of the disease ranges from benign to lethal, but subclinical infections can occur depending on the infecting Theileria species. The main clinical and clinicopathological manifestations of acute disease include fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia and severe loss of condition, conjunctivitis, and pale mucous membranes that are associated with Theileria-induced immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and/or non-regenerative anaemia. Additionally, jaundice, increases in hepatic enzymes, and variable leukocyte count changes are seen. Theileria annulata and Theileria parva induce an incomplete transformation of lymphoid and myeloid cell lineages, and these cells possess certain phenotypes of cancer cells. Pathogenic genotypes of Theileria orientalis have been recently associated with severe production losses in Southeast Asia and some parts of Europe. The infection and treatment method (ITM) is currently used in the control and prevention of T. parva infection, and recombinant vaccines are still under evaluation. The use of gene gun immunization against T. parva infection has been recently evaluated. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the clinicopathological and immunopathological profiles of Theileria-infected cattle and focus on DNA vaccines consisting of plasmid DNA with genes of interest, molecular adjuvants, and chitosan as the most promising next-generation vaccine against bovine theileriosis.

Toxic Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid Treatment in the Rat Liver BRL-3A Cell

“…Inflammatory cytokines play a major role during the process of liver inflammation, especially from steatosis to steatohepatitis, or from inflammatory infiltration to liver injury [31]. Previous studies reported that carbohydrates, therapeutic drugs and the hypoxia/reoxygenation model could increase the levels of IL-1 β and IL-6 in the supernatant of BRL-3A cells [13,32,33].…”

Pursuing effective vaccines against cattle diseases caused by apicomplexan protozoa

“…During a tick bite, infective sporozoites are transmitted to the cattle host. Clinical disease caused by T. annulata and T. parva occurs when sporozoites infect leukocytes and develop into macroschizonts, which induces uncontrolled leukocyte proliferation [19]. By contrast, it is the T. orientalis piroplasm stage, which infects the host red blood cells, causing anemia that is ultimately associated with the clinical signs of acute oriental theileriosis [20].…”

“…However, MPSP is highly diverse, which may affect its wide use as a vaccine antigen. In addition, considering the MPSP diversity, this target has been used to classify T. orientalis into several distinct genotypes worldwide [19,75,76]. Recent studies on the T. orientalis draft genome have revealed interesting features among the Ikeda, Chitose, and Buffeli genotypes that can be explored for vaccine development.…”

“…As a result, newly identified proteins predicted to be expressed on the surface of T. orientalis piroplasms can potentially be evaluated as vaccine antigens [77]. Collectively, recurrent outbreaks of oriental bovine theileriosis in Japan, Australia, and New Zealand in last decades have demonstrated the complexity of this disease [19]. In general, considering that no vaccines are available to control the disease, outbreaks of T. orientalis are generally managed by the use of acaricides to decrease the population of competent tick vectors in a target, affected region.…”

First Molecular Evidence of Theileria Lestoquardi in Small Ruminants in Northern Iran

“…Diarrhea, anorexia, high fever, thinness, lethargy, swelling of the lymph nodes, eyelid swelling, increased pulse and panting, profuse lachrymation, anaemia, icterus, and death are all symptoms of theileriosis(AginaShaari et al 2020). Unfortunately, the mechanism of the pathogenesis of malignant ovine theileriosis is not well known yet (Agina et al 2020). Identi cation of Theileria spp.…”