Clinical outcome after pencil beam scanning proton therapy and dysphagia/xerostomia NTCP calculations of proton and photon radiotherapy delivered to patients with cancer of the major salivary glands

Abstract

Objectives The purpose of this study is to report the oncological outcome, observed toxicities and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) calculation for pencil beam scanning (PBS) PT delivered to salivary gland tumour (SGT) patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 26 SGT patients treated with PBSPT (median dose, 67.5 Gy(RBE)) between 2005 and 2020 at our institute. Toxicities were recorded according to CTCAEv.4.1. Overall survival (OS), local control (LC), locoregional control (LRC) and distant control (DC) were estimated. For all patients, a photon plan was re-calculated in order to assess the photon/proton NTCP. Results With a median follow-up time of 46 months (range, 3–118), 5 (19%), 2 (8%), 3 (12%) and 2 (8%) patients presented after PT with distant, local, locoregional failures and death, respectively. The estimated 4 year OS, LC, LCR and DC were 90%, 90%, 87 and 77%, respectively. Grade 3 late toxicity was observed in 2 (8%) patients. The estimated 4 year late high-grade (≥3) toxicity-free survival was 78.4%. The calculated mean difference of NTCP-values after PBSPT and VMAT plans for developing Grade 2 or 3 xerostomia were 3.8 and 2.9%, respectively. For Grade 2–3 dysphagia, the grade corresponding percentages were 8.6 and 1.9%. Not using an up-front model-based approach to select patients for PT, only 40% of our patients met the Dutch eligibility criteria. Conclusion Our data suggest excellent oncological outcome and low late toxicity rates for patients with SGT treated with PBSPT. NTCP calculation showed a substantial risk reduction for Grade 2 or 3 xerostomia and dysphagia in some SGT patients, while for others, no clear benefit was seen with protons, suggesting that comparative planning should be performed routinely for these patients. Advances in knowledge We have reported that the clinical outcome of SGT patients treated with PT and compared IMPT to VMAT for the treatment of salivary gland tumour and have observed that protons delivered significantly less dose to organs at risks and were associated with less NTCP for xerostomia and dysphagia. Noteworthy, not using an up-front model-based approach, only 40% of our patients met the Dutch eligibility criteria.

Radiobiology of Proton Therapy in Human Papillomavirus-Negative and Human Papillomavirus-Positive Head and Neck Cancer Cells

“…PT is emerging as an alternative radiation treatment modality with the potential to reduce normal tissue toxicity issues seen in XRT treatments. Several studies comparing intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) to intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in HNSCC have demonstrated both dosimetric and potential clinical benefits of IMPT [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Consistent with this, a recent retrospective study involving patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) demonstrated significantly lower levels of acute toxicity compared to those treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).…”