Clinical Manifestation and Risk Factors of Tuberculosis Infection in Malaysia:Case Study of a Community Clinic

Shanmuganathan, Rohan; Subramaniam, Indra Devi

doi:10.5539/gjhs.v7n4p110

Cited by 24 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The present study identified diabetes mellitus as another risk factors for TB, which has also been reported in previous series. 20 Insight into the mechanism underlying this association might be provided by immunological studies. Interferon-gamma, which is crucial for host defense against TB, is expressed at low levels in diabetic mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of and Risk Factors for Tuberculosis (TB) in Gastric Cancer Patients in an Area Endemic for TB

et al. 2015

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To date, there have been few reports investigating the relationship between tuberculosis (TB) and gastric cancer.We conducted a nationwide population-based matched cohort study using data retrieved from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database to determine the incidence of and risk factors for TB in patients diagnosed with gastric cancer. From 2000 to 2011, we identified 36,972 gastric cancer patients and normal subjects from the general population matched for age, sex, and comorbidities at a 1:1 ratio. The data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models.Compared with the matched cohort, gastric cancer patients exhibited a higher risk for TB (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.65–3.05, P < 0.001), and those with TB exhibited higher mortality (adjusted HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.41–1.79, P < 0.001). Old age (adjusted HR 2.40, 95% CI 1.92–2.99, P < 0.001), male sex (adjusted HR 2.13, 95% CI 1.76–2.57, P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (adjusted HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.05–1.56, P = 0.013), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (adjusted HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.19–1.75, P < 0.001) were identified as independent risk factors for TB in gastric cancer patients. Dyslipidemia was an independent protective factor for both TB (adjusted HR 2.13, 95% CI 1.73–2.62, P < 0.001) and mortality (adjusted HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.08–1.15, P < 0.001) in gastric cancer patients.Old age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, and COPD were independent risk factors for TB in gastric cancer. High-risk gastric cancer patients, especially those in TB-endemic areas, should be regularly screened for TB.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of and Risk Factors for Tuberculosis (TB) in Gastric Cancer Patients in an Area Endemic for TB

et al. 2015

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“…In Malaysia, the current policy to deport foreigners with active TB within a month resulted in poorer treatment success rates [34]. To avoid this problem, a national strategy to re-strategize the distribution of anti-TB treatment in Sabah is required, and treatment monitoring is important to minimise the burden and prevent the spread of TB infection in the state [35][36][37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Published Literature Regarding Health Issues of Coastal Communities in Sabah, Malaysia

Azzeri

Goh

Jaafar

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Several of the coastal zones in Sabah, Malaysia, are isolated and inaccessible. This study aimed to review the published literature on the health status of the coastal communities in Sabah. The following four main health issues were found: (i) malaria, (ii) tuberculosis (TB), (iii) seafood poisoning, and (iv) antenatal problems. Factors associated with the risk of acquiring malarial infection in the studied coastal area were advanced age, male sex, farming as an occupation, history of travel outside the village, and rainy seasons. TB infection was primarily observed in adult men. Seafood poisoning was significantly common in Sabah. Studies have reported that tetrodotoxin and paralytic shellfish poisoning were commonly reported (30–60 cases annually). Several pregnant women in the coastal community had insufficient knowledge of the national antenatal care programme. Nonetheless, 99% of them received antenatal care at public healthcare facilities with 92% of them undergoing safe delivery. Nevertheless, a majority of the pregnant women had iodine deficiency due to low iodised salt intake. Findings from this review highlighted that the coastal communities in Sabah are experiencing significant health problems. Specific attention is required to significantly enhance the health and well-being of the individuals living in the coastal communities in Sabah.

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“…There are several risk factors for LTBI and active TB such as: sex; age; low socioeconomic status; low level of education; smoking; HIV/TB coinfection; use of alcohol and other drugs; malnutrition; diabetes mellitus; renal failure and other metabolic conditions; use of corticosteroids, other immunosuppressants and chemotherapy; among others. These factors are exacerbated in a confinement environment with overcrowding, poor ventilation and lighting and low hygiene standards such as Brazilian prisons 5 , 7 , 9 , 16 , 17 , 23 , 29 , b , i .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuberculose e infecção latente em funcionários de diferentes tipos de unidades prisionais

et al. 2018

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OBJECTIVEEstimate the prevalence of active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection among the staff that is in contact and the staff that is not in contact with prisoners, and investigate factors associated with latent tuberculosis infection in this population.METHODSObservational cross-sectional study, conducted from 2012 to 2015, in employees of different prison units in the municipality of Franco da Rocha, SP. It consisted of the application of a questionnaire, application and reading of the tuberculin test, sputum smear microscopy, sputum culture, and radiological examination. The association between the qualitative variables was calculated by the Pearson's chi-squared test. The sociodemographic and clinical-epidemiological factors related to the latent tuberculosis infection were evaluated by the logistic regression with the odds ratios (OR) calculation and their respective intervals with 95% of confidence (95%CI).RESULTSA total of 1,059 employees were examined, 657 (62.0%) of prisons, 249 (23.5%) of CASA Foundation units and 153 (14.5%) of custodial and psychiatric treatment hospitals. The tuberculin test was applied and read for 945 (89.2%) professionals. Of these, 797 (84.3%) were contacts of detainees and 148 (15.7%) were not. Among prison staff, the factors associated with latent tuberculosis infection were: contact with detainee (OR = 2.12, 95%CI 1.21–3.71); male gender (OR = 1.97, 95%CI 1.19–3.27); between 30 and 39 years old (OR = 2.98, 95%CI 1.34–6.63), 40 to 49 years old (OR = 4.32, 95%CI 1.94–9.60), and 50 to 59 years old (OR = 3.98, 95%CI 1.68–9.43); nonwhite color or race (OR = 1.89, 95%CI 1.29–2.78); and smoker (OR = 1.64, 95%CI 1.05–2.55). There were no positive test on sputum smear microscopy and culture. Of the 241 (22.8%) professionals who underwent radiological examination, 48 (19.9%) presented alterations of which 11 were suspected of tuberculosis.CONCLUSIONSPrison employees who have direct contact with detainees are 2.12 times more likely to become infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the work environment and consequently to become ill with tuberculosis and should be targeted for disease prevention and control.

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Clinical Manifestation and Risk Factors of Tuberculosis Infection in Malaysia:Case Study of a Community Clinic

Cited by 24 publications

References 46 publications

Incidence of and Risk Factors for Tuberculosis (TB) in Gastric Cancer Patients in an Area Endemic for TB

Incidence of and Risk Factors for Tuberculosis (TB) in Gastric Cancer Patients in an Area Endemic for TB

A Review of Published Literature Regarding Health Issues of Coastal Communities in Sabah, Malaysia

Tuberculose e infecção latente em funcionários de diferentes tipos de unidades prisionais

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